不同灌溉量对矮化密植苹果树生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.05.012

新疆农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (5): 1140-1150.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.05.012

不同灌溉量对矮化密植苹果树生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响

张艺加¹(), 程平²(), 王磊³, 武胜利¹

1.新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,乌鲁木齐 830054
2.新疆农业大学林学与风景园林学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
3.新疆维吾尔自治区林果产业发展中心,乌鲁木齐 830099

收稿日期:2023-10-17 出版日期:2024-05-20 发布日期:2024-07-09
通信作者: 程平(1985-),男,安徽怀宁人,副研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为果树育种与栽培,(E-mail)84966324@qq.com
作者简介:张艺加(1997-),女,新疆石河子人,硕士研究生,研究方向为果树生理,(E-mail)2724730321@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区科技重大专项(2023A02008-4);新疆林业科技专项(XJLYKJ-2020-11)

Effects of different irrigation rates on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of dwarfed close-planted apple trees

ZHANG Yijia¹(), CHENG Ping²(), WANG Lei³, WU Sheng li¹

1. School of Geography and Tourism of Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang
2. College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang
3. Forest Fruit Industry Development Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830099, Xinjiang

Received:2023-10-17 Published:2024-05-20 Online:2024-07-09
Correspondence author: CHENG Ping (1985-), male, from Huaining, Anhui,Associate researcher, master, research direction: Breeding of new peach varieties, (E-mail)84966324@qq.com
Supported by:
Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023A02008-4);Xinjiang Forestry Science and Technology Special Project(XJLYKJ-2020-11)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同滴灌量对苹果生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区的矮化密植苹果树为研究对象,设置3种滴灌量处理,即:低水W₁(灌溉定额为216 m³/667m²);中水W₂(灌溉定额为249 m³/667m²);高水W₃(灌溉定额为282 m³/667m²);漫灌为CK(灌溉定额为750 m³/667m²)。利用TDP插针式茎流仪测定苹果树茎流速率、Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定叶片光合参数、HOBO小型气象站采集气象数据、ECH₂O水分探头测定-20、-40、-60和-80 cm土壤含水量;测定苹果产量指标(单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数)和品质指标(可溶性糖、总酸、K、Ca、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量)。【结果】不同灌溉处理茎流速率表现为CK>W₃>W₂>W₁,不同月份平均茎流速率排序为7月>8月>6月>9月。净光合速率和蒸腾速率均随灌溉量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,W₂处理的水分利用效率较高。影响苹果树茎流速率的主要气象因子是太阳辐射和大气温度,30~50 cm土层是滴灌灌溉的重要区域。随灌溉量的提高,产量逐渐增加,但W₂、W₃和CK无显著差异性。灌溉水利用效率随灌溉量增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,W₂的灌溉水利用效率最大,较对照CK高出65.59%。W₂处理为最佳处理,但在干旱区可以适当多灌溉以提高其产量。【结论】新疆阿克苏地区矮化密植苹果树最佳灌溉处理为W₂处理,灌溉定额为249 m³/667m²,全年灌溉次数为11次,7月蒸发量较大应及时灌溉。

关键词: 苹果树; 灌溉量; 茎流速率; 光合特性; 灌溉水利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】To study the effects of different drip irrigation on physiological characteristics.【Methods】yield and quality of apple trees in Aksu area Xinjiang, Three kinds of drip irrigation treatment were set, namely: Low water W₁(irrigation quota is 216 m³/667m²), medium water W₂(irrigation quota is 249 m³/667m²), high water W₃(irrigation quota is 282 m³/667m²), flood irrigation is CK(irrigation quota is 750 m³/667m²).Stem flow rate of apple tree was measured by TDP needle flow meter, leaf photosynthetic parameters were measured by Li-6400 portable photosynthesis meter, meteorological data were collected by HOBO small weather station, and soil water content of -20, -40, -60 and -80 cm were measured by ECH₂O water probe.The yield index(single fruit weight、longitudinal diameter、transverse diameter、fruit shape index)and quality index(soluble sugar、total acid、K、Ca、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn content)were determined.【Results】The stem flow rate of different irrigation treatments was CK>W₃>W₂>W₁, and the average stem flow rate of different months was ordered as July > August > June > September.The net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount, and the water use efficiency of W₂ treatment was higher.The main meteorological factors affecting the stem flow rate of apple trees are solar radiation and atmospheric temperature.The 30-50 cm soil layer is an important area for drip irrigation.With the increase of irrigation amount, the yield increased gradually, but there was no significant difference between W₂, W₃ and CK.With the increase of irrigation amount, irrigation water use efficiency first increased and then decreased, and the irrigation water use efficiency of W₂ was the highest, which was 65.59% higher than that of CK.According to water productivity, W₂ treatment is the best treatment, but in arid areas, more irrigation can be used to increase the yield.【Conclusion】The optimal irrigation treatment for dwarf and densely planted apple trees in Aksu area Xinjiang is W₂ treatment, the irrigation quota is 249m³/667m², the irrigation times are 11 times a year, and the evaporation in July is large, should be timely irrigated.

Key words: apple tree; Irrigation quantity; Stem flow rate; Photosynthetic characteristics; Irrigation water utilization efficiency

中图分类号:

S661.1

张艺加, 程平, 王磊, 武胜利. 不同灌溉量对矮化密植苹果树生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(5): 1140-1150.

ZHANG Yijia, CHENG Ping, WANG Lei, WU Sheng li. Effects of different irrigation rates on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of dwarfed close-planted apple trees[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(5): 1140-1150.

图/表 12

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深度 Depth (cm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	田间持水量 Field capacity (%)	容重 Unit weight (g/cm³)	电导率 Conductivity (us/cm)	有机质 Organic substance (mg/kg)	速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Quick-acting potassium (mg/kg)	pH值 pH value
0~20	砂壤土	16.54	1.34	0.62	12.90	98.43	7.76	117.99	7.84
20~40	砂壤土	19.66	1.56	0.47	13.85	99.17	6.94	97.35	8.02
40~60	砂壤土	20.03	1.51	0.60	6.66	69.40	1.49	85.01	7.98
60~80	砂壤土	24.69	1.22	0.25	4.57	47.91	0.73	61.25	8.06

深度 Depth (cm)	土壤质地 Soil texture	田间持水量 Field capacity (%)	容重 Unit weight (g/cm³)	电导率 Conductivity (us/cm)	有机质 Organic substance (mg/kg)	速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Quick-acting potassium (mg/kg)	pH值 pH value
0~20	砂壤土	16.54	1.34	0.62	12.90	98.43	7.76	117.99	7.84
20~40	砂壤土	19.66	1.56	0.47	13.85	99.17	6.94	97.35	8.02
40~60	砂壤土	20.03	1.51	0.60	6.66	69.40	1.49	85.01	7.98
60~80	砂壤土	24.69	1.22	0.25	4.57	47.91	0.73	61.25	8.06

月份 Month	处理 Treatments	茎流启动时间 Stem flow start-up time	茎流持续时间 Duration of stem flow	茎流到达峰值时间 Peak time of stem flow	峰值 Peak value (cm/h)	平均茎流速率 Average stem flow rate (cm/h)
6月 June	W₁	9:00-9:30	13	14:00	7.56	3.18
	W₂	9:00-9:30	13	13:00	10.27	4.34
	W₃	8:30-9:00	13	13:00	12.27	5.66
	CK	8:30-9:00	13.5	13:00	15.39	6.90
7月 July	W₁	8:00-8:30	15	14:30	8.69	3.44
	W₂	8:00-8:30	15	13:30	12.60	5.31
	W₃	7:30-8:00	15.5	13:00	14.56	6.63
	CK	7:00-7:30	16	13:00	16.85	7.81
8月August	W₁	8:30-9:00	13	13:30	7.99	2.74
	W₂	8:00-8:30	14	13:00	12.65	4.88
	W₃	7:30-8:00	15	13:00	13.47	5.72
	CK	7:00-7:30	16	13:00	16.18	6.85
9月 September	W₁	10:00-10:30	11	15:30	8.32	2.36
	W₂	9:30-10:00	12	15:00	11.94	3.42
	W₃	9:00-9:30	13.5	15:00	12.95	4.57
	CK	8:30-9:00	14	15:00	16.43	6.01

月份 Month	处理 Treatments	茎流启动时间 Stem flow start-up time	茎流持续时间 Duration of stem flow	茎流到达峰值时间 Peak time of stem flow	峰值 Peak value (cm/h)	平均茎流速率 Average stem flow rate (cm/h)
6月 June	W₁	9:00-9:30	13	14:00	7.56	3.18
	W₂	9:00-9:30	13	13:00	10.27	4.34
	W₃	8:30-9:00	13	13:00	12.27	5.66
	CK	8:30-9:00	13.5	13:00	15.39	6.90
7月 July	W₁	8:00-8:30	15	14:30	8.69	3.44
	W₂	8:00-8:30	15	13:30	12.60	5.31
	W₃	7:30-8:00	15.5	13:00	14.56	6.63
	CK	7:00-7:30	16	13:00	16.85	7.81
8月August	W₁	8:30-9:00	13	13:30	7.99	2.74
	W₂	8:00-8:30	14	13:00	12.65	4.88
	W₃	7:30-8:00	15	13:00	13.47	5.72
	CK	7:00-7:30	16	13:00	16.18	6.85
9月 September	W₁	10:00-10:30	11	15:30	8.32	2.36
	W₂	9:30-10:00	12	15:00	11.94	3.42
	W₃	9:00-9:30	13.5	15:00	12.95	4.57
	CK	8:30-9:00	14	15:00	16.43	6.01

处理 Treatments	回归方程 Regression equation	R²
W₁	V=0.625Rs+0.417Ta	0.931
W₂	V=0.676Rs+0.469Ta	0.963
W₃	V=0.637Rs+0.458Ta	0.948
CK	V=0.644Rs+0.435Ta	0.943

不同灌溉量对矮化密植苹果树生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响

Effects of different irrigation rates on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of dwarfed close-planted apple trees

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Metrics

处理 Treatments	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	显著性 Significance
W₁	V=3.175X₂+9.415	0.535	0.001
W₂	V=8.693X₂-14.527	0.697	0.000
W₃	V=4.931X₂-5.621	0.672	0.001
CK	V=5.316X₂+4.672	0.683	0.001

指标 Indexes	W₁	W₂	W₃	对照 CK
单果重Single fruit weight(g)	165.11±4.71^c	173.31±4.84^bc	175.90±4.97^b	185.13±3.41^a
果形指数Fruit shape index	0.863±0.01^b	0.871±0.05^ab	0.911±0.02^ab	0.959±0.01^a
产量Yield(kg/667m²)	1 437.26±37.50^b	1 692.53±15.91^a	1 707.93±15.61^a	1 755.60±128.04^a
灌溉水利用效率 Effciency of irrigation water use(kg/m³)	6.65±0.17^a	6.80±0.06^a	6.06±0.06^b	2.34±0.17^c
可溶性固形物Soluble solids	15.13±0.3^b	16.06±0.5^a	13.76±0.2^c	13.73±0.2^c
总酸Total acid(g/kg)	6.23±0.21^a	6.32±0.31^a	6.49±0.42^a	5.41±0.09^b
可溶性糖含量Soluble sugar content	7.96%±0.71%^b	11.75%±1.26%^a	9.54%±0.14%^b	9.91±0.55^a
钾K(mg/100g)	127.81±0.2^c	165.83±1.85^a	145.61±0.67^b	135.85±6.55^c
钠Na(mg/100g)	20.03±3.05^b	27.49±1.82^a	24.23±1.65^ab	20.32±2.30^b
钙Ca(mg/100g)	172.40±18.53^c	342.13±1.72^a	256.37±16.12^b	184.91±10.04^bc
镁Mg(mg/100g)	65.97±8.40^b	83.04±2.16^a	74.41±1.92^ab	66.08±3.46^b
铜Cu(mg/100g)	0.43±0.01^c	0.73±0.02^a	0.57±0.05^b	0.47±0.03^c
锌Zn(mg/100g)	2.11±0.08^c	4.58±0.47^a	4.13±0.23^ab	3.47±0.02^b
铁Fe(mg/100g)	6.22±0.03^c	7.55±0.18^a	7.21±0.05^a	6.64±0.16^b
锰Mn(mg/100g)	1.48±0.08^c	2.03±0.14^a	1.78±0.07^ab	1.71±0.03^bc

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处理 Treatments	灌溉历时 Experience time of irrigation (h)	滴头流量 Dripper flow (L/h)	单株灌溉量 Irrigation amount per plant(L/株)	灌溉量 irrigation amount (m³/667m²)	亩滴灌量 Drip irrigation volume (m³/667m²)	漫灌量 Flood volume (m³/667m²)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (m³/667m²)
W₁	6	10	60	6.6	66	150	216
W₂	9	10	90	9.9	99	150	249
W₃	12	10	120	13.2	132	150	282
CK	年灌溉5次,即在4月中、6月底、7月底、8月底、10月底各灌溉1次,每次灌溉量为150m³/667m²						750

处理 Treatments	灌溉历时 Experience time of irrigation (h)	滴头流量 Dripper flow (L/h)	单株灌溉量 Irrigation amount per plant(L/株)	灌溉量 irrigation amount (m³/667m²)	亩滴灌量 Drip irrigation volume (m³/667m²)	漫灌量 Flood volume (m³/667m²)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (m³/667m²)
W₁	6	10	60	6.6	66	150	216
W₂	9	10	90	9.9	99	150	249
W₃	12	10	120	13.2	132	150	282
CK	年灌溉5次,即在4月中、6月底、7月底、8月底、10月底各灌溉1次,每次灌溉量为150m³/667m²						750