秸秆还田和覆膜对旱作雨养农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.08.009

新疆农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (8): 1896-1906.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.08.009

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学·耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇下一篇

秸秆还田和覆膜对旱作雨养农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

牛婷婷¹(), 马明生²(), 张军高³()

1.会宁县农业技术推广中心,甘肃白银 730700
2.甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,兰州 730070
3.新疆农业科学院核技术生物技术研究所/科技成果转化中心/农药试制中心/新疆作物化学调控工程技术研究中心/农业部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2024-01-11 出版日期:2024-08-20 发布日期:2024-09-19
通信作者: 马明生(1983-),男,甘肃人,副研究员,研究方向为旱地高效农作制与栽培生理,(E-mail)mamingsh@163.com;
张军高(1987-),男,甘肃天水人,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为作物抗逆调控,(E-mail)1102985032@qq.com
作者简介:牛婷婷(1985-),女,甘肃会宁人,高级农艺师,硕士,研究方向为旱区高效农作制度与作物栽培,(E-mail)334297962@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项(2021B02002-2);甘肃省重点研发计划项目(20YF8WA110);白银市科技计划项目(2018-2-10N)

Effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and spring maize yield in rain-fed upland farmland

NIU Tingting¹(), MA Mingsheng²(), ZHANG Jungao³()

1. Huining Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Baiyin Gansu 730700, China
2. Institute of Dry Land Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
3. Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation Center of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences / The Pesticide Trial Production Center of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Xinjiang Crop Chemical Control Engineering Technology Research Center / Key Laboratory of Desert-Oasis Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830091, China

Received:2024-01-11 Published:2024-08-20 Online:2024-09-19
Correspondence author: MA Mingsheng (1983-), male, from Gansu,associate researcher, research direction: efficient farming system and cultivation physiology in dry land,(E-mail)mamingsh@163.com;
ZHANG Jungao (1987-), male, from Tianshui Gansu, assistant researcher, master's degree, research direction: crop stress resistance regulation technology,(E-mail)1102985032@qq.com
Supported by:
Key R & D Special Project of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region(2021B02002-2);Key R & D Program Project of Gansu Province(20YF8WA110);Baiyin City Science and Technology Program Project(2018-2-10N)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究干旱区不同秸秆还田方式与覆膜处理对农田土壤水分和养分含量及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,分析不同秸秆还田方式的农田培肥和增产效应,筛选西北旱区绿色高效的秸秆资源化利用方式,为旱区农业高质量发展提供科技支撑。【方法】于2019~2020年在甘肃省会宁县设计大田试验,设置秸秆不还田+无膜(CK)、秸秆粉碎还田(SS)、秸秆发酵还田(FS)、秸秆不还田+覆膜(MK)、秸秆粉碎还田+覆膜(MS)和秸秆发酵还田+覆膜(MFS)6个处理,测定不同秸秆还田与覆膜处理下土壤水分含量、贮水量和耗水量、土壤碳氮磷钾、作物水分利用效率、干物质累积量和产量。【结果】2种覆膜处理下,秸秆还田可使全生育期耕层贮水量增加7.33%~16.29%,水分利用效率提高10.73%~19.25%,其中,秸秆发酵还田的耕层贮水量和水分利用效率较秸秆粉碎还田平均增加了6.39%和7.38%。覆膜处理可进一步提高土壤贮水量和水分利用率,增幅分别为10.62%~16.29%、13.88%~18.87%;并增加了土壤养分含量,其中土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加0.70%~8.03%、1.63%~8.01%、7.75%~13.86%、9.19%~40.48%和4.06%~10.62%。与秸秆还田或覆膜相比,秸秆还田结合覆膜处理的干物质量和产量分别增加3.10%~15.35%、11.02%~17.08%,1.84%~12.81%、8.94%~14.83%;其中秸秆发酵还田增加最多,平均为12.04%和10.08%。【结论】秸秆还田和覆膜通过调控土壤水分和养分,提升了土壤供水供肥能力,进而促进作物干物质积累量和产量的同步增长。其中秸秆发酵还田(MFS)效果优于粉碎还田(MS),有利于春玉米抗旱、增肥、增效和高产。

关键词: 秸秆还田; 覆膜; 土壤水分; 土壤养分; 产量; 秸秆发酵

Abstract:

【Objective】 Study the effects of different straw returning methods and plastic film mulching on soil water and nutrient contents, yield and water use efficiency of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in arid areas in order to find out the effects of different straw returning methods on fertility and yield, and to seek a green and efficient way of straw utilization in the hope of providing scientific and technological support for high-quality agricultural development in arid areas of Northwest China. 【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted in Huining County, Gansu Province from 2019 to 2020, six treatments were set up, namely straw returning to the field without plastic film (CK), straw comminution returning to the field (SS), straw fermenting returning to the field (FS), straw returning to the field without plastic film mulching (Mk), straw comminution returning to the field + plastic film mulching (MS), and straw fermenting returning to the field + plastic film mulching (MFS), soil water content, water storage and water consumption, soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, crop water use efficiency, dry matter accumulation and yield were measured. 【Results】 Under the two treatments of plastic film mulching, the water storage and water use efficiency of plough layer increased by 7.33%-16.29% and 10.73%-19.25%, respectively, the water storage and water use efficiency of plough layer increased by 6.39% and 7.38% compared with that of straw comminution. Plastic film mulching could further increase soil water storage and water use efficiency by 10.62%-16.29% and 13.88%-18.87%, respectively, and increase soil nutrient content, the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 0.70%-8.03%, 1.63%-8.01%, 7.75%-13.86%, 9.19%-40.48% and 4.06%-10.62%, respectively. Compared with straw returning or film mulching, the dry matter quality and yield increased by 3.10%-15.35%, 11.02%-17.08%, 1.84%-12.81%, 8.94%-14.83%, respectively, the average was 12.04% and 10.08%. 【Conclusion】 Straw returning and plastic film mulching can improve soil water supply and fertilizer supply by regulating soil moisture and nutrients, and then promote the synchronous increase of crop dry matter accumulation and yield. The effect of MFS is better than that of MS, which was beneficial to the multiple objectives of drought resistance, fertilizer increase, efficiency increase and high yield of spring maize.

Key words: straw returning; plastic film mulching; soil moisture; soil nutrients; yield; straw fermentation

中图分类号:

S513

牛婷婷, 马明生, 张军高. 秸秆还田和覆膜对旱作雨养农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(8): 1896-1906.

NIU Tingting, MA Mingsheng, ZHANG Jungao. Effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and spring maize yield in rain-fed upland farmland[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(8): 1896-1906.

图/表 6

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年份 Years	处理 Treatments	播前土壤贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing(mm)	收获后土壤贮水量 Soil water storage after sowing(mm)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg/(mm·hm²))
2019	CK	223.72±1.15^a	226.32±4.02^d	353.20±3.02^a	30.79±0.70^e
	SS	224.23±6.33^a	231.75±6.76^d	348.28±1.65^a	32.81±0.25^d
	FS	221.72±6.10^a	248.08±2.89^bc	329.44±3.85^bc	36.26±0.21^c
	MK	224.48±3.74^a	244.55±4.75^c	335.72±6.13^b	33.78±0.95^d
	MS	221.13±5.67^a	253.87±6.81^b	323.06±7.15^c	37.67±0.69^b
	MFS	223.18±11.24^a	275.26±8.40^a	303.72±5.03^d	40.86±0.82^a
2020	CK	224.04±13.75^d	261.88±9.43^e	387.17±4.48^a	25.56±0.41^d
	SS	237.26±6.27^cd	292.23±5.14^d	370.03±4.55^b	29.59±0.20^b
	FS	251.44±9.95^c	304.45±7.89^c	371.99±4.26^b	30.93±0.94^ab
	MK	243.94±3.81^c	282.29±4.03^d	386.64±3.75^a	27.81±0.19^c
	MS	267.12±9.07^b	322.23±3.94^b	369.89±5.89^b	31.68±0.65^a
	MFS	294.32±3.78^a	337.39±9.44^a	381.93±7.00^a	32.34±0.43^a
F值 F-value	年份(Y)	**	**	**	**
	覆膜(M)	**	**	**	**
	秸秆(S)	**	**	**	**
	Y×M	**	ns	**	**
	Y×S	**	**	**	**
	M×S	ns	*	ns	ns
	Y×M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	播前土壤贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing(mm)	收获后土壤贮水量 Soil water storage after sowing(mm)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg/(mm·hm²))
2019	CK	223.72±1.15^a	226.32±4.02^d	353.20±3.02^a	30.79±0.70^e
	SS	224.23±6.33^a	231.75±6.76^d	348.28±1.65^a	32.81±0.25^d
	FS	221.72±6.10^a	248.08±2.89^bc	329.44±3.85^bc	36.26±0.21^c
	MK	224.48±3.74^a	244.55±4.75^c	335.72±6.13^b	33.78±0.95^d
	MS	221.13±5.67^a	253.87±6.81^b	323.06±7.15^c	37.67±0.69^b
	MFS	223.18±11.24^a	275.26±8.40^a	303.72±5.03^d	40.86±0.82^a
2020	CK	224.04±13.75^d	261.88±9.43^e	387.17±4.48^a	25.56±0.41^d
	SS	237.26±6.27^cd	292.23±5.14^d	370.03±4.55^b	29.59±0.20^b
	FS	251.44±9.95^c	304.45±7.89^c	371.99±4.26^b	30.93±0.94^ab
	MK	243.94±3.81^c	282.29±4.03^d	386.64±3.75^a	27.81±0.19^c
	MS	267.12±9.07^b	322.23±3.94^b	369.89±5.89^b	31.68±0.65^a
	MFS	294.32±3.78^a	337.39±9.44^a	381.93±7.00^a	32.34±0.43^a
F值 F-value	年份(Y)	**	**	**	**
	覆膜(M)	**	**	**	**
	秸秆(S)	**	**	**	**
	Y×M	**	ns	**	**
	Y×S	**	**	**	**
	M×S	ns	*	ns	ns
	Y×M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	有机碳 Organic carbon (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Availiable phos- phorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Avaliable potassium (mg/kg)
2019	CK	9.48±0.03^e	0.97±0.05^c	70.13±1.03^d	13.18±0.90^b	120.97±3.78^d
	SS	10.26±0.22^d	1.03±0.04^bc	80.83±4.39^c	13.48±0.94^b	132.10±8.06^c
	FS	10.58±0.27^c	1.05±0.03^ab	88.92±4.31^b	14.18±0.53^ab	140.95±5.65^b
	MK	9.69±0.03^e	0.99±0.03^c	78.23±6.08^c	13.96±0.72^ab	124.88±7.91^d
	MS	11.46±0.17^b	1.09±0.02^a	91.38±0.85^b	14.65±1.30^ab	142.11±2.64^b
	MFS	11.87±0.06^a	1.10±0.04^a	100.05±1.49^a	16.31±2.33^a	151.16±4.32^a
2020	CK	9.55±0.15^f	0.99±0.05^e	76.69±3.05^d	14.39±0.59^e	125.88±9.50^d
	SS	10.63±0.20^d	1.05±0.03^cd	88.31±2.94^c	16.97±0.07^d	138.49±11.45^cd
	FS	11.35±0.16^c	1.09±0.02^c	99.82±8.14^b	18.74±0.99^c	148.56±10.87^bc
	MK	9.86±0.24^e	1.01±0.02^de	84.29±7.23^cd	16.00±0.69^d	131.05±11.05^d
	MS	12.06±0.21^b	1.13±0.01^b	102.37±2.51^b	20.58±0.74^b	156.35±1.96^ab
	MFS	12.83±0.13^a	1.18±0.03^a	113.92±1.24^a	22.45±0.53^a	167.21±0.98^a
F值 F-value	年份(Y)	**	**	**	**	**
	覆膜(M)	**	**	**	**	**
	秸秆(S)	**	**	**	**	**
	Y×M	ns	ns	ns	*	ns
	Y×S	**	ns	ns	**	ns
	M×S	**	ns	ns	ns	ns
	Y×M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	有机碳 Organic carbon (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Availiable phos- phorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Avaliable potassium (mg/kg)
2019	CK	9.48±0.03^e	0.97±0.05^c	70.13±1.03^d	13.18±0.90^b	120.97±3.78^d
	SS	10.26±0.22^d	1.03±0.04^bc	80.83±4.39^c	13.48±0.94^b	132.10±8.06^c
	FS	10.58±0.27^c	1.05±0.03^ab	88.92±4.31^b	14.18±0.53^ab	140.95±5.65^b
	MK	9.69±0.03^e	0.99±0.03^c	78.23±6.08^c	13.96±0.72^ab	124.88±7.91^d
	MS	11.46±0.17^b	1.09±0.02^a	91.38±0.85^b	14.65±1.30^ab	142.11±2.64^b
	MFS	11.87±0.06^a	1.10±0.04^a	100.05±1.49^a	16.31±2.33^a	151.16±4.32^a
2020	CK	9.55±0.15^f	0.99±0.05^e	76.69±3.05^d	14.39±0.59^e	125.88±9.50^d
	SS	10.63±0.20^d	1.05±0.03^cd	88.31±2.94^c	16.97±0.07^d	138.49±11.45^cd
	FS	11.35±0.16^c	1.09±0.02^c	99.82±8.14^b	18.74±0.99^c	148.56±10.87^bc
	MK	9.86±0.24^e	1.01±0.02^de	84.29±7.23^cd	16.00±0.69^d	131.05±11.05^d
	MS	12.06±0.21^b	1.13±0.01^b	102.37±2.51^b	20.58±0.74^b	156.35±1.96^ab
	MFS	12.83±0.13^a	1.18±0.03^a	113.92±1.24^a	22.45±0.53^a	167.21±0.98^a
F值 F-value	年份(Y)	**	**	**	**	**
	覆膜(M)	**	**	**	**	**
	秸秆(S)	**	**	**	**	**
	Y×M	ns	ns	ns	*	ns
	Y×S	**	ns	ns	**	ns
	M×S	**	ns	ns	ns	ns
	Y×M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	穗行数 Numbers of spike rows(行/穗)	行粒数 Numbers of row grains(粒/行)	百粒重 100 grain weight(g)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)
2019	CK	14.73±0.32^b	33.17±0.67^b	32.80±0.80^c	10.87±0.17^d
	SS	15.13±0.23^ab	33.67±0.57^b	33.67±0.63^bc	11.43±0.14^c
	FS	15.47±0.12^a	33.80±0.36^b	34.11±0.43^bc	11.95±0.12^b
	MK	15.20±0.35^ab	33.33±0.40^b	32.84±0.39^c	11.34±0.19^c
	MS	15.47±0.12^a	34.10±0.20^ab	34.69±0.18^ab	12.17±0.09^ab
	MFS	15.61±0.11^a	34.77±0.47^a	35.41±0.52^a	12.41±0.42^a
2020	CK	14.70±0.30^b	32.10±0.52^b	30.85±0.53^e	9.90±0.23^d
	SS	15.00±0.26^ab	33.03±1.15^ab	32.12±0.28^d	10.95±0.06^c
	FS	15.33±0.42^ab	32.13±0.81^b	33.20±0.48^c	11.50±0.22^b
	MK	15.03±0.15^ab	33.27±0.49^ab	32.51±0.49^cd	10.75±0.17^c
	MS	15.33±0.42^ab	33.50±0.17^ab	34.02±0.32^bc	11.72±0.14^b
	MFS	15.47±0.46^a	34.07±0.74^a	34.88±0.20^a	12.35±0.23^a
F值 F-value	年份(Y)	ns	**	**	**
	覆膜(M)	**	**	**	**
	秸秆(S)	**	*	**	**
	Y×M	ns	ns	**	ns
	Y×S	ns	ns	ns	*
	M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns
	Y×M×S	ns	ns	ns	ns

秸秆还田和覆膜对旱作雨养农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

Effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and spring maize yield in rain-fed upland farmland

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