Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. under mulch drip irrigation

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.04.002

Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences ›› 2024, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (4): 791-803.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.04.002

• Standard Production Technology Research Column of Safflower • Previous Articles Next Articles

Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. under mulch drip irrigation

HOU Xianfei¹(), SONG Xianming¹^,², LI Qiang¹, GU Yuanguo¹(), MIAO Haocui¹, ZENG Youling², GUO Meili³, JIA Donghai¹()

1. Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
2. College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
3. Department of Pharmacy, Naval Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China

Received:2023-07-28 Online:2024-04-20 Published:2024-05-31
Correspondence author: GU Yuanguo, JIA Donghai
Supported by:
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Youth Fund Project "Safflower WRKY gene family identification and drought response model research"(2021D01B61);Key research and development Projects of Xinjing Uygur Autonomous Region“Xinjiang safflower high yield, high quality variety screening and high yield and efficiency technology research”(2023B02005-1)；Creation of germplasm resources and selection of new varieties of economic crops with special characteristics in Xinjiang(ZYYD2022C04)

水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响

侯献飞¹(), 宋贤明¹^,², 李强¹, 顾元国¹(), 苗昊翠¹, 曾幼玲², 郭美丽³, 贾东海¹()

1.新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091
2.新疆大学生命科学与技术学院,乌鲁木齐 830017
3.海军军医大学药学系,上海 200433

通讯作者: 顾元国,贾东海
作者简介:侯献飞(1989- ),男,甘肃庆阳人,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为油料作物遗传育种,(E-mail)hou544805196@163.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区青年基金项目“红花WRKY基因家族鉴定及其干旱响应模式研究”(2021D01B61);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目“新疆红花高产、优质品种筛选及丰产增效技术研究”(2023B02005-1)；中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目“新疆特色经济作物种质资源创制与新品种选育”(ZYYD2022C04)

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the effects of water and nitrogen coupling on the growth, dry matter accumulation and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L.. 【Methods】 The split area test design was adopted, with the irrigation volume as the main area. Before sowing, basic fertilizer diammonium phosphate (64% of total nutrients, N-P₂O₅=18-46) 150 kg/hm², potassium oxide (30%) 75 kg/hm²were applied and two factors of irrigation water (W) and nitrogen application rate (N), three irrigation water levels were set: W₁: 1,200 m³/hm² (low irrigation rate), W₂: 1,500 m³/hm² (middle irrigation rate) and W₃: 1,800 m³/hm² (high irrigation rate), three nitrogen application levels: N₀: no nitrogen application (contrast), N₁:300 kg/hm² (traditional nitrogen application rate) and N₂: 600 kg/hm² (high nitrogen application rate). During the test, the agronomic characters, dry matter accumulation and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. under different treatments and different periods were measured, and the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the growth and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. were evaluated. 【Results】 The appropriate amount of irrigation and fertilization had a significant role in promoting the growth and development of Carthamus tinctorius L.. The plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and other agronomic traits of Carthamus tinctorius L. under W₂N₁ and W₂N₂ treatments were significantly higher than those under other treatments. The dry matter accumulation rate and amount, number of fruit balls per plant and number of seeds per fruit of Carthamus tinctorius L. under W₂N₁ treatment reached the highest level, and the filament yield and grain yield under W₂ treatment were significantly increased by 8.09% and 20.84% compared with W₁ and W₃ treatment, under N₁ and N₂ treatment, the difference was small, but they were significantly increased by 10.69% and 25.66% compared with N₀ treatment. 【Conclusion】 Irrigation amount and traditional fertilization amount (W₂N₁: 1,500 m³/hm² of irrigation and 300 kg/hm² of fertilization) are combination of water and nitrogen, which can promote the growth and development of Carthamus tinctorius L., provide water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, increase dry matter accumulation, coordinate yield components, thus achieving the goal of high yield and quality of Carthamus tinctorius L..

Key words: Carthamus tinctorius L.; water nitrogen coupling; dry matter accumulation; growth and development; yield

摘要：

【目的】研究水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育、干物质积累量和产量的影响。【方法】采用裂区试验设计,以灌水量水平为主区。播前施基肥磷酸二铵(总养分64%,N-P₂O₅=18-46)150 kg/hm²,氧化钾(30%)75 kg/hm²。设灌水量(W)和施氮量(N)2个因素,3个灌水量水平:W₁:1 200 m³/hm²(低灌量)、W₂:1 500 m³/hm²(中灌量)和W₃:1 800 m³/hm²(高灌量);3个施氮量水平:N₀:不施氮(空白)、N₁:300 kg/hm²(传统施氮量)和N₂:600 kg/hm²(高施氮量)。测定不同处理下红花的农艺性状、干物质积累量和产量,评估不同水氮耦合处理对红花生长发育和产量影响。【结果】适宜的灌溉量和施肥量对红花生长发育有显著的促进作用,W₂N₀和W₂N₁处理下红花的株高、分枝数和叶片数等农艺性状均显著高于其他处理,其中W₂N₁处理下红花干物质积累速率及积累量、单株果球数和每果粒数均达到最高水平,花丝产量和籽粒产量在W₂处理下均比W₁和W₃处理显著增加了8.09%和20.84%,但在N₁和N₂处理下差异较小,却均比N₀处理显著增加了10.69%和25.66%。【结论】中灌量和传统施肥量处理W₂N₁(灌溉量1 500 m³/hm²及施肥量300 kg/hm²)最优,可以促进红花的生长发育、提高水肥利用效率、增加干物质积累、协调产量构成因素,达到高产优质。

关键词: 红花, 水氮耦合, 干物质积累, 生长发育, 产量

CLC Number:

S567

HOU Xianfei, SONG Xianming, LI Qiang, GU Yuanguo, MIAO Haocui, ZENG Youling, GUO Meili, JIA Donghai. Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. under mulch drip irrigation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(4): 791-803.

侯献飞, 宋贤明, 李强, 顾元国, 苗昊翠, 曾幼玲, 郭美丽, 贾东海. 水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(4): 791-803.

Figures/Tables 6

References 23

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生育时期 Growth period	灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	株高 Plant height(cm)		茎粗 Stem thick(cm)		根长 Root length(cm)		叶片数 Leaves number(个)		分枝数 Branchs number(个)
生育时期 Growth period	灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年
伸长期 Elongation stage	W₁	N₀	6.1±0.87^ab	15.6±1.87^a	4.9±3.34^a	5.9±0.77^ab	8.5±1.57^b	10.2±1.55^ab	10.7±2.89^a	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₁	5.9±1.85^ab	17±2.1^a	4.2±0.57^a	5.6±0.09^abc	6.6±1.04^bcd	11.8±1.97^a	8.7±1.53^ab	11.3±0.58^a	/	/
		N₂	5.5±1.57^ab	15.2±0.98^a	4.8±0.5^a	6.1±0.03^a	6.7±1.03^bcd	8.8±1.01^b	8.7±0.58^ab	11.3±0.58^a	/	/
	W₂	N₀	4.2±1.35^b	15.4±1.47^a	5.2±0.86^a	4.7±0.71^d	5.3±0.72^d	9.7±0.31^ab	11.3±1.08^a	9±0^c	/	/
		N₁	4.2±1.35^b	13.9±1.9^a	4.1±0.77^a	4.8±0.33^cd	8.3±1.27^b	9.1±0.98^b	8.3±1.31^b	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₂	7.5±2.11^a	14.2±1.7^a	6.3±1.21^a	5.6±0.67^abc	10.2±0.4^a	9.3±1.22^b	11.3±0.58^a	9.7±1.15^c	/	/
	W₃	N₀	4.2±0.66^b	15.9±1.15^a	5.7±0.19^a	5±0.41^bcd	7.6±0.3^bc	9.1±1.22^b	10.3±1.15^ab	10±1^bc	/	/
		N₁	5±0.85^b	16.2±1.86^a	5±0.77^a	5.9±0.36^ab	7.7±1.37^bc	10.7±1.03^ab	11±1^a	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₂	5.5±0.64^ab	15.6±1.87^a	5.5±1.54^a	5.9±0.77^ab	6±0.96^cd	10.2±1.55^ab	11.7±1.15^a	11±1^ab	/	/
分枝期 Branching stage	W₁	N₀	22.1±0.5^ab	37.9±2.27^b	8.5±2.26^a	7.7±1.1^ab	9.2±0.95^a	18.3±2.39^a	18.3±3.06^a	24.3±2.08^ab	/	/
		N₁	20.6±1.2^b	39.4±2.22^b	8.7±1.11^a	7.2±1.17^b	9.8±0.53^a	18.2±0.96^a	15.3±2.08^a	25.3±0.58^ab	/	/
		N₂	24.6±1.14^ab	45.5±1.59^a	8.2±1.58^a	9±1.5^a	10.6±1.8^a	14.9±1.35^ab	16.7±2.52^a	25.3±3.06^ab	/	/
	W₂	N₀	24.3±1.65^ab	40.4±2.21^b	8±0.82^a	7.5±0.56^ab	10.9±1.15^a	16.7±0.93^ab	19±1.73^a	26±1^a	/	/
		N₁	25.3±1.65^ab	41±1.62^b	8.5±1.22^a	6.4±0.19^b	8.9±2.19^a	14.6±3.11^ab	16.7±1.53^a	22.7±1.53^ab	/	/
		N₂	26.5±2.97^a	43.9±1.21^ab	8.4±1.07^a	6.8±0.66^b	10.9±1.36^a	14±0.6^b	18.3±4.04^a	25.7±0.58^ab	/	/
	W₃	N₀	22±0.61^ab	39.4±0.99^b	8.1±0.36^a	7.6±1.96^ab	9.8±1.15^a	17.4±2.95^ab	19±2^a	25±1.73^ab	/	/
		N₁	23.3±0.72^ab	40±2.4^b	9.5±1.9^a	6.3±0.69^b	9.8±0.83^a	16.3±0.6^ab	17.7±1.53^a	22.3±2.08^b	/	/
		N₂	27.9±2.68^a	40.5±3.29^b	9.7±0.37^a	7.9±0.59^ab	10.9±1.59^a	15.8±2.03^ab	19±1^a	26±3.61^a	/	/
现蕾期 Budding stage	W₁	N₀	59±2.43^b	65.4±0.95^b	8.5±0.76^a	8±0.61^ab	17.7±2^a	18.3±0.85^a	102±8.05^a	110±7.31^cd	9.6±1.06^a	8.7±1.53^ab
		N₁	60.8±2.32^ab	60.2±0.35^d	7.5±1.19^a	7.2±0.56^b	18±1.34^a	16.3±0.32^ab	72±5.73^ab	117±5^bcd	6.3±0.58^bc	7.2±1^b
		N₂	59.4±2.98^ab	62.3±1.35^cd	7.5±0.7^a	7.6±0.16^ab	15.2±2.15^ab	14.2±1.91^b	61.3±4.79^b	142.3±9^ab	4.7±2.08^c	10.7±2.06^a
	W₂	N₀	61.3±3.05^ab	63.8±2.75^bc	7.3±0.51^a	7.2±0.4^b	10.3±1.71^b	15.4±2.66^ab	79±3.85^ab	104±7.81^d	7.3±1.52^abc	7.7±0.58^b
		N₁	60.4±3.2^ab	65.2±0.99^b	8.4±0.74^a	7.8±0.73^ab	17.6±1.88^a	14.2±0.93^b	82.3±6.42^ab	117.3±8.96^bcd	8.3±2.08^ab	9.7±1.15^ab
		N₂	56.5±0.53^b	62.2±1.1^cd	8.4±0.38^a	7.6±0.56^ab	15.1±1.3^ab	16±2.47^ab	99.7±6.22^a	106.3±7.5^d	9.7±2.08^a	8.7±2.08^ab
	W₃	N₀	63±3.14^ab	65±1.64^b	8.3±0.28^a	7.7±0.61^ab	12.9±0.72^ab	16.8±3.82^ab	72±5.57^ab	155.3±8.88^a	6.3±0.58^bc	9.7±1.53^ab
		N₁	63.6±2.5^ab	60.2±1.55^d	8.1±0.72^a	6.9±0.19^b	12.9±1.43^ab	16.8±2.3^ab	85±5.44^ab	97±6.93^d	6.7±1.53^bc	7.3±1.53^b
		N₂	66.7±2.81^a	72±2.08^a	7.6±1.44^a	8.5±1.26^a	13.6±1.31^ab	14.9±0.61^ab	80±4.46^ab	139±6.57^abc	6.3±2.08^bc	9.3±0.58^ab
开花期 Flowering stage	W₁	N₀	60.6±2.97^c	65.4±0.95^b	11.5±0.49^bc	7.8±0.41^a	18.4±1.57^a	19.7±2.08^ab	137.7±2.08^bc	151.7±10.02^d	11.7±0.58^bcd	8.7±1.53^c
		N₁	61.6±1.58^bc	60.4±1.45^d	11.8±1.22^b	7.7±1.15^a	18.8±1.73^a	19.3±2.4^ab	135.7±9.41^bc	181.3±6.86^cd	12.7±0.58^bcd	10.3±1.16^c
		N₂	63.9±0.91^ab	62.3±1.35^cd	11.3±1.95^bc	7.7±0.2^a	17.9±2.81^a	19.1±1.52^ab	113.7±7.19^bc	224.7±14.02^bcd	11.7±1.53^bcd	13.7±2.52^bc
	W₂	N₀	63.4±1.45^b	63.8±2.52^bc	14±1.81^a	8±0.03^a	15.5±2.05^ab	19.3±2.5^ab	266±10.1^a	204±8.56^bcd	14±1.57^bc	12±1.58^bc
		N₁	62±2.56^bc	68±2.08^ab	11.9±1.02^b	9.6±1.04^a	17.8±2.55^a	21.2±2.84^a	159±10.63^b	387.7±9.39^a	20.7±2.08^a	24.7±2.64^a
		N₂	64.6±1.91^ab	65.8±1.36^b	11.5±0.66^bc	8.3±0.89^a	16.4±1.78^ab	22.7±1.86^a	140.7±9.34^bc	219±7.78^d	14.7±2.52^b	10±1.65^c
	W₃	N₀	64.1±1.48^ab	66.2±2.08^b	10.9±0.41^bc	9.4±1.64^a	13.3±2.45^b	16.8±1.83^bc	87.3±7.12^c	245±10.58^b	11.3±0.58^bcd	16.3±3.21^b
		N₁	65.4±2.13^ab	62.2±1.48^cd	10.3±1.24^bc	7.8±0.25^a	15.2±1.95^ab	17.7±2.14^b	79.3±6.29^c	146.3±8.57^d	9.3±1.53^d	10.7±1.53^bc
		N₂	68.1±2.4^a	73.2±1.95^a	9.5±1.73^c	6.3±5.42^a	16.1±1.54^ab	16.1±1.89^c	77.7±8.54^c	208.7±7.9^bc	10.3±1.53^cd	15.3±2.51^bc

生育时期 Growth period	灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	株高 Plant height(cm)		茎粗 Stem thick(cm)		根长 Root length(cm)		叶片数 Leaves number(个)		分枝数 Branchs number(个)
生育时期 Growth period	灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年
伸长期 Elongation stage	W₁	N₀	6.1±0.87^ab	15.6±1.87^a	4.9±3.34^a	5.9±0.77^ab	8.5±1.57^b	10.2±1.55^ab	10.7±2.89^a	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₁	5.9±1.85^ab	17±2.1^a	4.2±0.57^a	5.6±0.09^abc	6.6±1.04^bcd	11.8±1.97^a	8.7±1.53^ab	11.3±0.58^a	/	/
		N₂	5.5±1.57^ab	15.2±0.98^a	4.8±0.5^a	6.1±0.03^a	6.7±1.03^bcd	8.8±1.01^b	8.7±0.58^ab	11.3±0.58^a	/	/
	W₂	N₀	4.2±1.35^b	15.4±1.47^a	5.2±0.86^a	4.7±0.71^d	5.3±0.72^d	9.7±0.31^ab	11.3±1.08^a	9±0^c	/	/
		N₁	4.2±1.35^b	13.9±1.9^a	4.1±0.77^a	4.8±0.33^cd	8.3±1.27^b	9.1±0.98^b	8.3±1.31^b	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₂	7.5±2.11^a	14.2±1.7^a	6.3±1.21^a	5.6±0.67^abc	10.2±0.4^a	9.3±1.22^b	11.3±0.58^a	9.7±1.15^c	/	/
	W₃	N₀	4.2±0.66^b	15.9±1.15^a	5.7±0.19^a	5±0.41^bcd	7.6±0.3^bc	9.1±1.22^b	10.3±1.15^ab	10±1^bc	/	/
		N₁	5±0.85^b	16.2±1.86^a	5±0.77^a	5.9±0.36^ab	7.7±1.37^bc	10.7±1.03^ab	11±1^a	11±1^ab	/	/
		N₂	5.5±0.64^ab	15.6±1.87^a	5.5±1.54^a	5.9±0.77^ab	6±0.96^cd	10.2±1.55^ab	11.7±1.15^a	11±1^ab	/	/
分枝期 Branching stage	W₁	N₀	22.1±0.5^ab	37.9±2.27^b	8.5±2.26^a	7.7±1.1^ab	9.2±0.95^a	18.3±2.39^a	18.3±3.06^a	24.3±2.08^ab	/	/
		N₁	20.6±1.2^b	39.4±2.22^b	8.7±1.11^a	7.2±1.17^b	9.8±0.53^a	18.2±0.96^a	15.3±2.08^a	25.3±0.58^ab	/	/
		N₂	24.6±1.14^ab	45.5±1.59^a	8.2±1.58^a	9±1.5^a	10.6±1.8^a	14.9±1.35^ab	16.7±2.52^a	25.3±3.06^ab	/	/
	W₂	N₀	24.3±1.65^ab	40.4±2.21^b	8±0.82^a	7.5±0.56^ab	10.9±1.15^a	16.7±0.93^ab	19±1.73^a	26±1^a	/	/
		N₁	25.3±1.65^ab	41±1.62^b	8.5±1.22^a	6.4±0.19^b	8.9±2.19^a	14.6±3.11^ab	16.7±1.53^a	22.7±1.53^ab	/	/
		N₂	26.5±2.97^a	43.9±1.21^ab	8.4±1.07^a	6.8±0.66^b	10.9±1.36^a	14±0.6^b	18.3±4.04^a	25.7±0.58^ab	/	/
	W₃	N₀	22±0.61^ab	39.4±0.99^b	8.1±0.36^a	7.6±1.96^ab	9.8±1.15^a	17.4±2.95^ab	19±2^a	25±1.73^ab	/	/
		N₁	23.3±0.72^ab	40±2.4^b	9.5±1.9^a	6.3±0.69^b	9.8±0.83^a	16.3±0.6^ab	17.7±1.53^a	22.3±2.08^b	/	/
		N₂	27.9±2.68^a	40.5±3.29^b	9.7±0.37^a	7.9±0.59^ab	10.9±1.59^a	15.8±2.03^ab	19±1^a	26±3.61^a	/	/
现蕾期 Budding stage	W₁	N₀	59±2.43^b	65.4±0.95^b	8.5±0.76^a	8±0.61^ab	17.7±2^a	18.3±0.85^a	102±8.05^a	110±7.31^cd	9.6±1.06^a	8.7±1.53^ab
		N₁	60.8±2.32^ab	60.2±0.35^d	7.5±1.19^a	7.2±0.56^b	18±1.34^a	16.3±0.32^ab	72±5.73^ab	117±5^bcd	6.3±0.58^bc	7.2±1^b
		N₂	59.4±2.98^ab	62.3±1.35^cd	7.5±0.7^a	7.6±0.16^ab	15.2±2.15^ab	14.2±1.91^b	61.3±4.79^b	142.3±9^ab	4.7±2.08^c	10.7±2.06^a
	W₂	N₀	61.3±3.05^ab	63.8±2.75^bc	7.3±0.51^a	7.2±0.4^b	10.3±1.71^b	15.4±2.66^ab	79±3.85^ab	104±7.81^d	7.3±1.52^abc	7.7±0.58^b
		N₁	60.4±3.2^ab	65.2±0.99^b	8.4±0.74^a	7.8±0.73^ab	17.6±1.88^a	14.2±0.93^b	82.3±6.42^ab	117.3±8.96^bcd	8.3±2.08^ab	9.7±1.15^ab
		N₂	56.5±0.53^b	62.2±1.1^cd	8.4±0.38^a	7.6±0.56^ab	15.1±1.3^ab	16±2.47^ab	99.7±6.22^a	106.3±7.5^d	9.7±2.08^a	8.7±2.08^ab
	W₃	N₀	63±3.14^ab	65±1.64^b	8.3±0.28^a	7.7±0.61^ab	12.9±0.72^ab	16.8±3.82^ab	72±5.57^ab	155.3±8.88^a	6.3±0.58^bc	9.7±1.53^ab
		N₁	63.6±2.5^ab	60.2±1.55^d	8.1±0.72^a	6.9±0.19^b	12.9±1.43^ab	16.8±2.3^ab	85±5.44^ab	97±6.93^d	6.7±1.53^bc	7.3±1.53^b
		N₂	66.7±2.81^a	72±2.08^a	7.6±1.44^a	8.5±1.26^a	13.6±1.31^ab	14.9±0.61^ab	80±4.46^ab	139±6.57^abc	6.3±2.08^bc	9.3±0.58^ab
开花期 Flowering stage	W₁	N₀	60.6±2.97^c	65.4±0.95^b	11.5±0.49^bc	7.8±0.41^a	18.4±1.57^a	19.7±2.08^ab	137.7±2.08^bc	151.7±10.02^d	11.7±0.58^bcd	8.7±1.53^c
		N₁	61.6±1.58^bc	60.4±1.45^d	11.8±1.22^b	7.7±1.15^a	18.8±1.73^a	19.3±2.4^ab	135.7±9.41^bc	181.3±6.86^cd	12.7±0.58^bcd	10.3±1.16^c
		N₂	63.9±0.91^ab	62.3±1.35^cd	11.3±1.95^bc	7.7±0.2^a	17.9±2.81^a	19.1±1.52^ab	113.7±7.19^bc	224.7±14.02^bcd	11.7±1.53^bcd	13.7±2.52^bc
	W₂	N₀	63.4±1.45^b	63.8±2.52^bc	14±1.81^a	8±0.03^a	15.5±2.05^ab	19.3±2.5^ab	266±10.1^a	204±8.56^bcd	14±1.57^bc	12±1.58^bc
		N₁	62±2.56^bc	68±2.08^ab	11.9±1.02^b	9.6±1.04^a	17.8±2.55^a	21.2±2.84^a	159±10.63^b	387.7±9.39^a	20.7±2.08^a	24.7±2.64^a
		N₂	64.6±1.91^ab	65.8±1.36^b	11.5±0.66^bc	8.3±0.89^a	16.4±1.78^ab	22.7±1.86^a	140.7±9.34^bc	219±7.78^d	14.7±2.52^b	10±1.65^c
	W₃	N₀	64.1±1.48^ab	66.2±2.08^b	10.9±0.41^bc	9.4±1.64^a	13.3±2.45^b	16.8±1.83^bc	87.3±7.12^c	245±10.58^b	11.3±0.58^bcd	16.3±3.21^b
		N₁	65.4±2.13^ab	62.2±1.48^cd	10.3±1.24^bc	7.8±0.25^a	15.2±1.95^ab	17.7±2.14^b	79.3±6.29^c	146.3±8.57^d	9.3±1.53^d	10.7±1.53^bc
		N₂	68.1±2.4^a	73.2±1.95^a	9.5±1.73^c	6.3±5.42^a	16.1±1.54^ab	16.1±1.89^c	77.7±8.54^c	208.7±7.9^bc	10.3±1.53^cd	15.3±2.51^bc

灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	苗期-伸长期 Seedling stage- Elongation(%)		伸长期-分枝期 Elongationstage- Branching(%)		分枝期-现蕾期 Branch stage- Budding(%)		现蕾期-开花期 Bud stage- Flowering(%)
灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年
W₁	N₀	2.45±1.54^a	4.04±0.02^ab	38.37±1.73^a	40.83±1.37^bc	70.92±2.88^a	69.03±2.1^b	143.5±4.02^bcd	142.73±0.49^bc
	N₁	1.37±0.26^ab	3.91±0.44^ab	38.43±1.89^a	42.9±1.24^bc	58.14±3.23^ab	47.33±6.8^d	99.86±6.38^d	144.99±11.32^bc
	N₂	1.44±0.24^ab	4.22±0.21^a	40.3±1.2^a	55.43±2.1^a	45.11±2.6^b	46.89±2.71^d	108.44±3.23^d	149.64±7.62^bc
W₂	N₀	1.73±0.67^ab	2.15±0.56^d	45.03±1.69^a	30.43±5.47^c	43.72±2.16^b	64.28±4.18^bc	214.2±8.18^b	169.32±9.25^bc
	N₁	0.89±0.28^b	2.84±0.12^cd	44.23±2.04^a	46.73±5.62^b	65.19±2.45^ab	67.47±4.46^bc	369.77±4.96^a	301.02±17.56^a
	N₂	2.23±0.63^a	3.32±0.83^bc	47.87±2.27^a	41.7±1.2^bc	67.39±4.75^ab	69.39±3.06^b	186.35±4.05^bc	156.92±2.7^bc
W₃	N₀	2.32±0.69^a	2.88±0.02^cd	40.53±2.96^a	49.57±1.65^b	59.17±3.17^ab	83.25±5.23^ab	206.56±4.06^b	215.74±8.46^b
	N₁	1.45±0.13^ab	3.76±0.89^ab	41.8±1.77^a	35.57±1.38^c	67.53±2.83^ab	61.28±1.1^c	180.29±2.43^bcd	146.73±7.74^c
	N₂	2.31±0.82^a	4.04±0.02^ab	43.6±0.87^a	37.27±0.91^bc	63.61±3.05^ab	107.33±4.58^a	175.96±8.46^b	181.65±9.07^b

灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	苗期-伸长期 Seedling stage- Elongation(%)		伸长期-分枝期 Elongationstage- Branching(%)		分枝期-现蕾期 Branch stage- Budding(%)		现蕾期-开花期 Bud stage- Flowering(%)
灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年
W₁	N₀	2.45±1.54^a	4.04±0.02^ab	38.37±1.73^a	40.83±1.37^bc	70.92±2.88^a	69.03±2.1^b	143.5±4.02^bcd	142.73±0.49^bc
	N₁	1.37±0.26^ab	3.91±0.44^ab	38.43±1.89^a	42.9±1.24^bc	58.14±3.23^ab	47.33±6.8^d	99.86±6.38^d	144.99±11.32^bc
	N₂	1.44±0.24^ab	4.22±0.21^a	40.3±1.2^a	55.43±2.1^a	45.11±2.6^b	46.89±2.71^d	108.44±3.23^d	149.64±7.62^bc
W₂	N₀	1.73±0.67^ab	2.15±0.56^d	45.03±1.69^a	30.43±5.47^c	43.72±2.16^b	64.28±4.18^bc	214.2±8.18^b	169.32±9.25^bc
	N₁	0.89±0.28^b	2.84±0.12^cd	44.23±2.04^a	46.73±5.62^b	65.19±2.45^ab	67.47±4.46^bc	369.77±4.96^a	301.02±17.56^a
	N₂	2.23±0.63^a	3.32±0.83^bc	47.87±2.27^a	41.7±1.2^bc	67.39±4.75^ab	69.39±3.06^b	186.35±4.05^bc	156.92±2.7^bc
W₃	N₀	2.32±0.69^a	2.88±0.02^cd	40.53±2.96^a	49.57±1.65^b	59.17±3.17^ab	83.25±5.23^ab	206.56±4.06^b	215.74±8.46^b
	N₁	1.45±0.13^ab	3.76±0.89^ab	41.8±1.77^a	35.57±1.38^c	67.53±2.83^ab	61.28±1.1^c	180.29±2.43^bcd	146.73±7.74^c
	N₂	2.31±0.82^a	4.04±0.02^ab	43.6±0.87^a	37.27±0.91^bc	63.61±3.05^ab	107.33±4.58^a	175.96±8.46^b	181.65±9.07^b

生育时期 Growth period	灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	地上部分Aboveground part				地下部分Underground part				整株重 Total biomass ( g /plant)
			2020年		2021年		2020年		2021年		整株重 Total biomass ( g /plant)
			重量 Biomass (g/plant)	比例 Ratio (%)	重量 Biomass (g/plant)	比例 Ratio (%)	重量 Biomass (g/plant)	比例 Ratio (%)	重量 Biomass (g/plant)	比例 Ratio (%)	2020年	2021年
伸长期 Elongation stage	W₁	N₀	1.4±0.87^a	87.50	2.4±0.04^ab	92.31	0.2±0.12^a	12.50	0.2±0.03^a	7.69	1.6±0.99^a	2.6±0.01^ab
		N₁	0.8±0.16^ab	88.89	2.3±0.23^ab	92.00	0.1±0.03^ab	11.11	0.2±0.05^a	8.00	0.9±0.17^ab	2.5±0.28^ab
		N₂	0.8±0.13^ab	88.89	2.5±0.12^a	92.59	0.1±0.02^ab	11.11	0.2±0.02^a	7.41	0.9±0.16^ab	2.7±0.13^a
	W₂	N₀	1±0.36^ab	90.91	1.3±0.38^e	92.86	0.1±0.07^ab	9.09	0.1±0.03^c	7.14	1.1±0.43^ab	1.4±0.36^d
		N₁	0.5±0.16^b	83.33	1.7±0.07^de	94.44	0.1±0.02^b	16.67	0.1±0.02b^c	5.56	0.6±0.18^b	1.8±0.08^cd
		N₂	1.3±0.37^a	92.86	1.9±0.51^bcd	90.48	0.2±0.03^a	14.29	0.2±0.03^ab	9.52	1.4±0.4^a	2.1±0.53^bc
	W₃	N₀	1.4±0.45^a	93.33	1.7±0.02^cde	94.44	0.1±0.01^ab	6.67	0.1±0.01^bc	5.56	1.5±0.44^a	1.8±0.01^cd
		N₁	0.8±0.08^ab	88.89	2.2±0.51^abc	91.67	0.1±0.02^ab	11.11	0.2±0.06^a	8.33	0.9±0.08^ab	2.4±0.57^ab
		N₂	1.3±0.44^a	86.67	2.4±0.04^ab	92.31	0.1±0.09^ab	6.67	0.2±0.03^a	7.69	1.5±0.52^a	2.6±0.01^ab
分枝期 Branching stage	W₁	N₀	4.8±0.72^ab	88.89	5.9±0.22^b	88.06	0.6±0.07^ab	11.11	0.8±0.09^bc	11.94	5.4±0.76^ab	6.7±0.15^b
		N₁	3.8±1.5^b	90.48	6±1.16^b	88.24	0.5±0.25^b	11.90	0.8±0.25^b	11.76	4.2±1.72^b	6.8±1.4^b
		N₂	4.4±1.26^ab	89.80	9.4±1.96^a	90.38	0.5±0.11^ab	10.20	1.1±0.27^a	10.58	4.9±1.35^ab	10.4±2.22^a
	W₂	N₀	5.6±1.13^ab	91.80	5.3±0.62^b	88.33	0.6±0.16^ab	9.84	0.7±0.1^bc	11.67	6.1±1.27^ab	6±0.53^b
		N₁	4.8±1.71^ab	87.27	4.4±0.44^b	89.80	0.7±0.21^ab	12.73	0.5±0.09^c	10.20	5.5±1.9^ab	4.9±0.53^b
		N₂	4±1.27^ab	90.91	5.7±0.62^b	90.48	0.5±0.09^b	11.36	0.6±0.05^bc	9.52	4.4±1.34^b	6.3±0.67^b
	W₃	N₀	5.1±1.62^ab	92.73	6.1±1.46^b	89.71	0.5±0.11^ab	9.09	0.7±0.18^bc	10.29	5.5±2.72^ab	6.8±1.64^b
		N₁	5.1±1.68^ab	89.47	4.5±1.27^b	90.00	0.6±0.18^ab	10.53	0.5±0.17^c	10.00	5.7±1.85^ab	5±1.43^b
		N₂	6.5±0.25^a	90.28	5.7±0.89^b	90.48	0.7±0.13^a	9.72	0.6±0.05^bc	9.52	7.2±0.35^a	6.3±0.92^b
现蕾期 Budding stage	W₁	N₀	14.4±1.63^a	92.90	13.6±2.34^bcd	90.91	1.1±0.38^ab	7.10	1.4±0.21^bc	9.09	15.5±1.83^a	15±2.52^bc
		N₁	10.4±1.88^ab	92.86	11.3±1.55^de	90.38	0.8±0.32^bcd	7.14	1.2±0.18^bc	9.62	11.2±2.2^ab	12.5±1.7^cd
		N₂	9.4±2.37^b	91.26	14.7±1.66^bc	91.27	0.8±0.13^abcd	7.77	1.4±0.36^ab	8.73	10.3±2.44^b	16.1±1.95^b
	W₂	N₀	9.5±2.42^b	93.14	12.8±0.88^cde	92.68	0.7±0.2^cd	6.86	1±0.12^bc	7.32	10.2±2.6^b	13.8±0.89^bcd
		N₁	12.2±1.47^ab	91.73	11.8±1.95^de	90.89	1.1±0.16^ab	8.27	1.2±0.37^bc	9.11	13.3±1.62^ab	13±2.28^cd
		N₂	11.5±1.78^ab	92.00	10.2±1.12^e	91.35	1±0.19^abc	8.00	1±0.12^c	8.65	12.5±1.92^ab	11.1±1.18^d
	W₃	N₀	11.7±1.2^ab	92.86	15.5±1.92^ab	92.30	0.9±0.18^abcd	7.14	1.3±0.2^bc	7.70	12.6±1.32^ab	16.8±2.12^ab
		N₁	13±1.34^ab	91.55	11.1±0.54^de	89.98	1.2±0.27^a	8.45	1.2±0.2^bc	10.02	14.2±1.6^ab	12.3±0.74^cd
		N₂	14.3±2.03^a	95.97	17.4±1.49^a	90.71	0.6±0.1^d	4.03	1.8±0.29^a	9.29	14.9±1.94^ab	19.2±1.73^a
开花期 Flowering stage	W₁	N₀	70.6±2.06^b	96.32	52.7±2.71^bcd	95.99	2.7±0.78^bc	3.68	2.2±0.26^bc	4.01	73.3±3.52^b	54.9±2.48^bcd
		N₁	63.2±2.94b^c	95.61	50.8±3.78^bcd	95.79	2.9±0.28^bc	4.39	2.2±0.83^bc	4.21	66.1±3.15^bc	53.1±2.6^bcd
		N₂	51.6±1.74b^c	93.65	55.4±2.62^bcd	95.61	3.6±0.69^b	6.53	2.5±0.2^bc	4.39	55.1±2.11^bc	58±2.81^bcd
	W₂	N₀	69.5±2.77^b	94.81	46±2.86^cd	96.35	3.8±1.55^b	5.19	1.7±0.13^c	3.65	73.3±2.32^b	47.7±2.76^cd
		N₁	107.8±3.52^a	94.82	106.4±4.26^a	96.09	5.9±1.07^a	5.18	4.3±1.52^a	3.91	113.7±5.47^a	110.7±4.75^a
		N₂	61.7±2.08^bc	95.36	52.7±3.55^bcd	95.61	3±0.42^bc	4.64	2.4±0.47^bc	4.39	64.7±2.48^bc	55.1±2.01^bcd
	W₃	N₀	49.9±1.51^bc	94.51	74.6±4.33^bc	96.64	3±0.59^bc	5.68	2.6±1.09^bc	3.36	52.8±2.08^bc	77.2±3.6^bc
		N₁	40.4±2.16^c	95.96	39.8±1.73^d	94.38	1.7±0.37^c	4.04	2.4±1.27^bc	5.62	42.1±1.89^c	42.2±3.95^d
		N₂	42.6±2.18^c	94.25	77.7±2.42^ab	95.66	2.6±0.76^bc	5.75	3.5±0.27^ab	4.34	45.2±2.44^c	81.3±2.65^ab

Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth and yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. under mulch drip irrigation

水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响

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灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	单株果球数 Fruit ball number per plant(个)		每果粒数 Seed number per pod(个)		千粒重 Thousand seed weight(g)		花丝产量 Filament yield (kg/667m²)		籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg/667m²)
灌溉量处理 Irrigation rate treatments	施肥量处理 Fertilizer rate treatments	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年	2020年	2021年
W₁	N₀	13.2±0.45^b	10.22±0.32^bc	32.04±1.45^c	23.44±1.86^d	42.22±2.41^b	42.13±2.43^c	10.9±0.4^c	11.11±0.52^c	132.1±4.96^d	114.82±3.22^b
	N₁	15.5±0.32^ab	11.22±0.38^bc	35.59±1.78^ab	39±2.18^a	45.76±1.74^a	45.32±2.64^b	14.1±0.49^b	13.33±0.24^bc	170.4±3.98^ab	124.07±3.26^ab
	N₂	16.8±0.45^a	13.33±0.27^ab	38.04±2.42^a	25.89±1.74^cd	45.22±3.14^a	45.16±2.37^b	14.2±0.94^b	14.81±0.48^b	173.5±3.97^a	123.33±2.58^ab
W₂	N₀	14.37±0.36^ab	9.67±0.58^c	36.31±2.43^ab	28.56±1.82^bc	45.31±1.88^a	43.21±1.97^bc	11.1±0.85^c	15.19±0.35^b	153.1±3.5^bc	143.33±4.39^ab
	N₁	16.42±0.63^a	11.56±0.64^bc	38.51±1.96^a	31±2.31^b	45.19±1.97^a	46.23±2.14^ab	16.5±0.93^a	16.3±0.58^b	186.4±3.35^a	152.96±3.19^a
	N₂	16.5±0.7^a	15.89±0.38^a	39.28±3.01^a	32.67±2.18^b	45.15±2.32^a	47.25±2.31^a	15.7±1.14^ab	20.37±0.73^a	183.5±2.74^a	159.26±3.38^a
W₃	N₀	14.33±0.25^ab	9.67±0.41^c	29.67±2.41^d	30.78±1.84^b	43.25±2.76^b	42.18±1.82^c	11.5±0.33^c	15.93±0.54^b	143.2±2.16^cd	147.41±2.53^ab
	N₁	15.53±0.37^ab	13.78±0.97^a	36.55±1.89^ab	39±1.97^a	46.63±2.06^a	45.78±1.79^b	15.3±0.42^ab	15.19±0.36^b	152.5±2.35^bc	136.3±2.25^ab
	N₂	13.87±0.46^b	11.44±0.29^bc	34.6±2.11^ab	27.44±2.23^bc	45.77±2.34^a	46.57±2.14^ab	15.1±0.94^ab	14.81±0.49^b	152.1±1.65^bcd	133.33±3.48^ab

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