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DNA Fingerprints and Genetic Diversity Analysis Based on SSR Markers for Japonica Rice Resources in Xinjiang ZHANG Yan-hong;WANG Feng-bin;BuhaliqiemuAbulizi;YUAN Jie;ZHAO Zhi-qiang;WEN Xiao-rong;TANG Fu-sen;MA Dun 2016, 53(11): 1961-1968.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1416KB) ( )   Objective]The study aims to establish the DNA fingerprints and throw light on the genetic diversity of the Japonica Rice in Xinjiang.[Method]The Japonica Rice of 89 varieties were used as materials to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationship by 70 SSR markers.[Result]The result showed that there were 63 pairs of primers with polymorphic fragments and 388 effective alleles were detected.Namely, each pair had 6.158,7.The average polymorphism frequency index was 0.237,1 and the genetic similarity coefficient between the 89 materials was 0.72~0.88 with high similarity.If 0.73 was taken as a standard,all materials could be divided into 5 groups,but most were in one group.[Conclusion]However,generally speaking,the genetic background comparability was high and the diversity was low.It is demonstrated that the genetic basis of the Japonica Rice in Xinjiang is narrow.Therefore,identifying and making use of the new ge-netic resources and creating breeding materials should be strengthened.

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Analysis of Xinjiang Cotton Yield and Fiber Quality Traits Associated with SSR AI Xian-tao;LIANG Ya-jun;GONG Zhao-long;WANG Jun-duo;ZHENG Ju-yun;LI Xue-yuan 2016, 53(11): 1969-1979.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1294KB) ( )   Objective]Screening closely related traits of Xinjiang upland cotton cultivars resources goals and objectives of the molecular markers,excavated chain has important value in use of genes related to the source traits.[Method]The genome of 94 self-fertile cotton varieties in Xinjiang was analyzed by 54 SSR markers.[Result]Population structure analysis showed that 94 cotton materials could be divided into two groups and one mixed group.The association analysis showed that 36 SSR loci were (P<0.05 )associated with fiber quality and agronomic phenotype in GLM(Q)model,12 loci were associated with strength,4 loci were associated with fiber micronaire,13 loci were associated with fiber length,1 locus was associated with E-longation,4 loci were associated with boll weight,1 loci was associated with growth process,1 loci was associ-ated with lint percentage.[Conclusion]Principal component analysis and population structure analysis reflect the proximity of the phylogenetic relationship of cotton varieties in Xinjiang from different angles.On the whole,the genetic diversity of self-fertile variety is not rich enough,and at the molecular level the differ-ences are not great,which demonstrates that great effort should be made to broaden the genetic basis of breed-ing.

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A Real-time PCR of Related Marker Gene in Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) DU Rong-guang;YAO Zheng-pei;CHEN Quan-jia;ZHANG Jie;DU Li-li;SU Xiu-juan;QU Yan-ying 2016, 53(11): 1980-1987.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1457KB) ( )   Objective]With different resistant island cottons as material,using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology to analyze the expression levels of 1 1 genes related to wilt resistance in cotton, this project aims to provide candidate gene resources for breeding resistance varieties to Fusarium wilt of sea island cotton and its mechanism.[Method]Sea Island cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt disease 06-146,the susceptible materials of Xinhai 14 and the parents of the hybrid RIL high generation materials,10893 (super resistant),10895 (supper resistant),10879 (sensible)and 10796 (susceptible)were chosen as the experi-mental materials and at the same time,inoculation treatment was carried out.The seedlings of 0 h,4 h,10 h, 18 h,h,28,40 h,respectively,were taken to extract the mRNA and went through reverse transcription. Based on the known EST sequences of Fusarium wilt,resistance in upland cotton and the resistance related gene sequences screened from the Sea Island cotton disease resistance gene sequences,the real-time fluores-cence quantitative PCR reaction was carried out.According to the expression of different genes in different ma-terials,the relationship between different genes and the resistance to Fusarium wilt of cotton were analyzed.[Result]Four genes,CFW3,CFW10,comp62810,comp71372 in cotton may play a more important role in the process of fighting against Fusarium wilt of Sea Island cotton.In particular,the comp62810 and comp71372 gene,which were obtained from the transcriptional group of the disease resistant material and the susceptible material,were related to the disease resistance.[Conclusion]Through the analysis,it is conclu-ded that the sensitivity of different cotton varieties to the infection of the pathogen is different,which can be applied to determine the roles of the genes.

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Effect of Different Phosphate Application on Accumulation and Partitioning of Dry Matter and Yield of Spring Wheat SONG Qin-jing;JIA Yong-hong;ZHANG Jin-shan;LIU Xiao-cheng;WU Wei;LI Yu-long;WEN Hao-ran;SHI Shu-bing 2016, 53(11): 1988-1998.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1654KB) ( )   Objective]The experiment was carried out to study effects of different phosphate application on accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and the yield of spring wheat and identify the optimum phos-phate application.[Method]The experiment was designed as a split plot arrangement,the cultivars in the main plot were Xinchun 26 and Xinchun 34,and in the sub plot was phosphate application with 5 phosphate (P0:0 kg/hm2、P1:45 kg/hm2,P2:90 kg/hm2,P3:135 kg/hm2,P4:180 kg/hm2).[Result]The phosphate application had a significant influence on the accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and dry matter contri-bution rate to grain after anthesis and transfer rate to grain before anthesis and yield components of spring wheat,there was a significant influence with dry matter in anthesis and maturity and dry matter contribution rate to grain after anthesis and transfer rate to grain from stem and glumes and amount of dry matter and yield and spike size for the spring wheat cultivars.With the increase of phosphate application,the total amount of dry matter in spring wheat firstly increased quickly and then decreased slowly.Increasing phosphate fertilizer rates increased the grains per spike and 1 ,000 -grain weight and grain yield up to a point.Over a certain rang,there was no additional response.The rate of phosphate had a positive correlation with the total amount of dry matte and grain yield,the correlation coefficient was 0.920 and 0.969.The grain yield had a positive correlation with the total amount of dry matter,the correlation coefficient was 0.941 .The sequence of dry mat-ter partitioning in various organs in spring wheat at maturity stage was:grain yield >stem >spike >leaf >sheath.[Conclusion]In a certain range (0 -135 kg/hm2),the application of P fertilizer could increase the yield of spring wheat and the photosynthetic capacity at later stage,so as to increase the yield of spring wheat, and the optimum amount was 135 kg/hm2.

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Effects of Two Irrigation on the Agronomic Traits and the Yield of Winter Wheat FENG Kui;MA Yan-ming;JIA Li-li;ZHANG Jin-shan;Dilixiati Erken;WANG Zhi-xing;SHI Shu-bing 2016, 53(11): 1999-2007.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1092KB) ( )   Objective]In order to explore winter wheat drought-resistant germplasms in different irriga-tion treatments,the project aims to screen wheat germplasm resources in the filed to widen the range of Xin-jiang winter drought-resistance germplasm resources and breeding.[Method]There were 20 kinds of winter wheat,which four from Xinjiang and 16 from Huanghuai area were chosen to investigate 9 characters under 5 irrigation times and 3 irrigation treatments.The nine characters were:number of spikes per plant,plant height,ear length,the sterile of basal spikelet,the sterile of top spikelet,spikelet number,kernels per spike,thousand kernel weight and yield.[Result]9 agronomic characters of 20 copies of the material was sig-nificantly different from each other,most of the average of 5 irrigation treatment times were higher than 3 times under this two kinds of irrigation treatment;the variation coefficient of each character was exactly different;Various characters drought-resistant coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 1 .13;Yield difference reached signifi-cant level,which under the condition of two irrigation treatment quantity,production always within the top seven were Shannon 15,Yannong 23,Xindong 20,Xindong 22 and Xindong 18;Production in the post six were Shannong 12,Taishan 22,Shi 4185,Shixin 616 and Shimai 18.[Conclusion]Increasing irrigation times can increase winter wheat yields.Especially in the seedling tillering and grain filling stage of grain matu-ration,keeping enough water supply can to improve the winter wheat yield.Compared with Huanghuai winter wheat varieties,winter wheat varieties bred in Xinjiang showed stronger drought resistance.

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Screening Drought Resistance Identification Index and Drought Resistance Evaluation in Barley during Seed Germination Period JU Le;QI Jun-cang;HE Xue;WANG Dan;HOU Zhong-qing;FU Qiang;XIONG Xian-peng 2016, 53(11): 2008-2014.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1075KB) ( )   Objective]To study the relationship between morphological indexes and drought resistance during seed germination in barley is to build drought resistance evaluation method.[Method]In the experi-ment,the nine morphological indexes of barley treated by 20; (W/V)PEG8000 solution as drought stress treatment were determined.The drought resistance identification indexes of barley during seed germination were screened by correlation analysis and factor analysis and the drought resistances of 101 barley cultivars were evaluated by the method of membership function.[Result]There were significant relationships between the 9 morphological indexes and drought resistance of barley during seed germination.[Conclusion]The 9 in-dexes can be regarded as drought resistance identification index of barley during seed germination.Z027S078T and Xinyin D7 were screened as high drought resistance cultivars,while Ganpi 6 and Beilaileisi were screened as drought sensitive cultivars by the method of membership function.

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Almond Leaf Mineral and Trace Element Content Changes and Correlation Analysis at Different Growth Stages XU Ye-ting;GONG Peng;YANG Lei;DAI Pei-hong;YANG Bo;ZHENG BO-wen 2016, 53(11): 2015-2022.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1217KB) ( )   Objective]Almond Leaf Mineral and Trace Element Content Changes and Correlation Analy-sis at Different Growth Stages.This paper's goal is to provide a theoretical basis for nutrition diagnosis and ra-tional fertilization during the different growth stages.[Method]The almond 'Yerqiang'varieties were taken as test materials and the content changes of N,P,K,B,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,Mg,and Ca elements in the leaves during the growth periods as the study subjects.[Result]The results showed that during the leaf development, the content of mineral elements N,P,K,Mn,Zn and Cu showed a downward trend and meanwhile Fe,Mg, Ca demonstrated a rising trend,and the B element content was in a zigzag trend.At the same time,there were correlations between the various elements of the growth period.Three groups in the leaf expansion period,sev-en groups in expanding period,four groups during the period of hard core and six groups in the mature period, their correlation of mineral elements in different growth stages was different.[Conclusion]Therefore,accord-ing to the mineral elements at different growth stages of almond,only the rational balance of fertilization can meet the nutritional needs of the tree body.

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Effects of Different Training Systems on Photosynthesis and Berry Quality of Grapes in Solar Greenhouses ZHAO Ni;YU Song-lin;ZHAO Bao-long;YU Kun;DONG Ming-ming;YNAG Xi 2016, 53(11): 2023-2032.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1376KB) ( )   Objective]This experiment aims to use "Summer black"grape in solar greenhouse to study the effects of different training systems on photosynthesis and berry quality,in order to evaluate the perform-ance of pergola and vertical trellis systems of grapes in solar greenhouses.[Method]The photosynthetic pa-rameters such as Net photosynthetic rate (Pn),Transpiration rate (Tr),Stomatal conductance (Gs)and In-tercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)were determined by Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The indexes of berry quality were measured in the maturity stage,and Vitamin C content was determined by 2,6-Dichlo-rophenolindophenol titration method,and the total acid content was measured by NaOH titration method.[Re-sult]The Pn value and the chlorophyll content in pergola training system in each growth period were higher than those in vertical trellis system.From fruit enlargement period,color rotation period to maturity stage,the peak and mean of Pn in two training systems were gradually reduced.Pn showed significant correlation with other photosynthetic factors.Single grain weight and soluble solids in pergola training system were significantly higher than those in vertical trellis system.Single panicle weight,total sugar and vitamin C content were high-er than those in vertical trellis system,but the difference was not so significant.[Conclusion]Summer Black grapes by pergola training system showed better performance in photosynthesis and berry quality than those by vertical trellis system in solar greenhouses.

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Study on Iron Translocation in Pyrus betulifolia Bunge Using Marker Tracing of Phen-Fe WU Yu-xia;ZHAO Yue;QIN Wei-ming;HE Tian-ming 2016, 53(11): 2033-2039.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1208KB) ( )   Objective]Iron deficient chlorosis is an important nutritional disorder of Korla Fragrant Pear (Pyrus Bretschneideri Rehd)grown in calcareous soil in Southern Xinjiang,China.Infusion of iron fertilizer treatment method is expected to become an effective means for treatment of chlorosis of fruit trees.[Method]With the orange chelate generated by orthophenanthroline and ferrous sulfate as tracer material,a simulation test on the transport velocity and concentration distribution characteristics of iron on each part of Pyrus betulifo-lia Bunge after being instilled with iron was performed in the study.[Result]The result showed that the con-tent of iron of test tree with red iron liquid was much higher than the contrast test tree.Active iron and total i-ron contents in treatments were much higher than those in the control (7.5;-435.1;)and (10.2;-341 .9;),respectively.In trunk infusion experiment,Fe transportation speed to the canopy in the trunk was much greater than that downward in the root (49 .00;).Dilution effect of ferrite concentration was observed in the trunk infusion as well as in the root injection.[Conclusion]In the trunk or root infusion,the phenome-non of iron inactivation was observed.Measuring concentration of iron revealed that the trunk infusion was more effective in iron transport and anti-inactivation compared with root infusion.It was suggested to apply trunk infusion to correct iron deficiency chlorosis of fruit trees.

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Effects of NaCl Stress on Seed Germination of Six Lycium ruthenicum Murr.Types LIU Qiu-chen;FENG Jian-rong;HAO Yu-jie;FAN Xin-min;ZHANG Yong-dong 2016, 53(11): 2040-2046.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1070KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of this experiment is to compare the salt tolerance of six types of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.The results of this study might provide a technical basis for promoting the best type in Northern Xinjiang.[Method]The study included three ecotypes of L.ruthenicum (Xining wild type,Korla wild type,Wuwei wild type)and the corresponding promising selection (Xining promising selection,Korla promising selection,Wuwei promising selection).The seeds were treated with NaCl concentrations of 50, 100,150,200,250,and 300 mmol/L.A standard of 50 percent germination rates was set for production re-quirements.Seeds were considered to be under significant duress when the germination rates were less than 50 percent.Seed germination rate,relative salt injury rate,salt tolerance concentration,and seedling growth were measured under different NaCl concentrations.[Result]Germination rate,seedling growth decreased as NaCl concentrations increased between 50 and 300 mmol/L.Regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between NaCl concentration and germination rate.The regression analysis indicated that the critical NaCl concentration was greater for the promising selection type seeds than for wild type seeds.The crit-ical NaCl concentration was 150-300 mmol/L for the promising selection type seeds and 100-150 mmol/L for the wild type seeds.[Conclusion]The results indicated that among the six types,the promising selection Wuwei type and the promising selection Korla type had relatively high salt tolerance,whereas wild Xining type and wild Wuwei type had relatively low salt tolerance.

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The Comparison of Photosynthesis in Different Types of Wild Apricot under Water Stress Mustapa Habibul;Umetkan Kakem;Jappar Kader;Halil Kurban 2016, 53(11): 2047-2054.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1240KB) ( )   Objective]The field cultivated biennial seedlings of sweet kernel No.1 and No.2,bitter kernel No.1 and No.2,4 types of wild apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.),which were collected from Ili re-gion of Xinjiang were used for this experiment,26 d of drought stress treatment was performed in order to in-vestigate the adaptive traits of photosynthesis of wild apricot under water stress conditions.[Method]The 5 th and 26 th days of interception of water,the photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 con-centration and the transpiration rate were measured,and the water use efficiency was calculated,meanwhile the water potential,cell membrane permeability and the chlorophyll contents were determined.[Result]The a-daptive change of water potential and the cell membrane permeability were related to the stress resistance,the range ability of net photosynthetic rate different between the types of wild apricot,the order of range ability as:sweet kernel No.1 >sweet kernel No.2 >bitter kernel No.1 >Bitter kernel No.2.[Conclusion]The de-crease of net photosynthetic rate be resulted both from stomatal and non-stomatal factors in wild apricot,and the contribution of stomatal and non -stomatal to decrease in photosynthetic rate was different between the types of wild apricot.The changes of chlorophyll a/b ratio and the water use efficiency were correlated to the variability of net photosynthetic rate.

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Effects of Bio-organic Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Korla Fragrant Pear XU Chao;Barijiang Maimaiti;Zulipiye Ainaitula;Akba Ilahun 2016, 53(11): 2055-2061.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1070KB) ( )   Objective]To explore bio -organic fertilizer on yield and quality of Korla Fragrant Pear through fertilization experiments.[Method]Representative tests were selected to carry out chemical fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer,chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer mixed application and control treatments and then the results of experiments to explore influences of bio-organic fertilizer for Korla Fragrant Pear yield and quality were analyzed.[Result](1 )Compared with other fertilizer treatments,the highest yield of Korla Fragrant Pear was that by bio-organic fertilizer treatment.(2)On the grade of Korla Fragrant Pear, the yield of the first grade pear was the highest under the mixed fertilization of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer,which showed a very significant difference (P<0.01 ).Chemical fertilizer was the best treatment on the second grade of the pear.There was no big difference between each treatment on the yield of third grade pear and fourth grade pear.(3 )Compared to the control treatment,Korla Fragrant Pear fruit weight was improved under different fertilization treatments,and fruit shape index was affected little by differ-ent fertilizer treatments,soluble sugar content was increased to varying degrees compared with the control treatment.The soluble sugar was increased higher in bio -organic fertilizer and mixed fertilizer processing, which was increased by 15.58; and 17.75;,respectively.The titratable acid content decreased to varying degrees,with a minimum of 0.61 g /kg,and compared to the control treatment,bio-organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed fertilizer treatment process was the largest,which was decreased by 14.29;.The vi-tamin C content of fruit was increased 11.16;,15.18;,13.84;,among which,the treatment effect of bi-ological organic fertilizer was the best.[Conclusion]The application of bio-organic fertilizer can increase the yield of Korla Fragrant Pear and promote the quality of the fruit.

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Development and Evaluation of Set-type Sea Buckthorn Yogurt LIN Xiang-qun;MA Cai-mei;YANG Guo-jiang;WU Hong;LIU Wen-yu 2016, 53(11): 2062-2068.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1160KB) ( )   Objective]From the aspect the development of set-type sea buckthorn yogurt,this paper e-laborated related processing technology,and studied the effect of sea buckthorn juice addition on yogurt VC and protein content.[Method]the reasonable range of values of juice dosage,the amount of sugar added,in-oculation amount and fermentation time.This paper made orthogonal experiment to study the effects of sea buckthorn juice dosage,the amount of sugar added,inoculation amount and fermentation time on set-type sea buckthorn yogurt quality.The orthogonal test of four factors at three different levels was used to study the optimum ratio.The paper also researched the effect of sea buckthorn juice addition on yogurt VC and protein content with a fixed dose of sucrose 10;;strains 4;,fermentation time 5 h.[Results]By this combination, sea buckthorn 10;,sucrose 10;,strains 4;,fermentation time 5 h,the yogurt will be sweet and sour taste,attractive color,delicate tissue and nutritious,and with a strong sea buckthorn fruit flavor.VC content in sea buckthorn yogurt is 2.3 to 4.8 times the normal plain yogurt,and yogurt VC content with the added a-mount of juice is positively correlated,Composite function y=-59.048 x2 +30.623 x+1.007,4(R2 =0. 99 1 );protein content with the added amount of juice is negatively correlated;[Conclusion]The optimum ratio is:sea buckthorn 10;,sucrose 10;,strains 4;,fermentation time 5 h.,the results indicated that by this combination the yogurt added sea buckthorn juice has a typical sea buckthorn fruit flavor,the VC content in sea buckthorn yogurt is 3.67 mg/100 g,theprotein content is 2.91;,and has a high nutritive value.

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Analysis on Genetic Diversity of the Rice Water Weevil Based on RAPD Markers in the Ecological Regions of Oasis in Xinjiang WANG Xiao-wu;FU Kai-yun;DING Xin-hua;Tuerxun Ahemaiti;HE Jiang;GUO Wen-chao 2016, 53(11): 2069-2076.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1159KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of this experiment is to study the genetic structure and invasive route of L.oryzophilus in the hope of providing references that might be important for accurate monitoring and effective control of rice weevils.[Method]The L.oryzophilus were collected from 7 different geographic popu-lations of 105 individual from Xinjiang and north typical rice planting areas in China which was analyzed by u-sing the RAPD molecular markers in order to investigate the genetic diversity of the populations.[Result]7 good polymorphic RAPD primers that was finally-screened from 28 the random primers produced a total of 139 bands,of which 98 were polymorphic.The Polymorphism loci percentage(PPB)was 70.5;.The genet-ic diversity of the XJYNQ -apqal populations was the lowest (PPB:46.76;,H:0.210,6,I:0.323,9), while HLJAC was the highest (PPB:62.58 ;,H:0.300,6,I:0.445,0)The coefficient of genetic differentia-tion among populations Gst was 0.199,5,including 19.95;genetic variation partitioned among populations, 80.05; within populations.It was showed higher levels of genetic differentiation between different geographic populations.7 geographical populations of UPGMA clustering results showed that:Tangshan City in Hebei Provice,Gongzhuling in Jilin Province,Hebei City,the geographical population is a priority,which indicated the close genetic relationship.Followed by are Acheng City in Heilongjiang Provice and Qapqal and Huocheng County in Yili area.These places completed the first cluster,while the other populations in Wujiaqu city and Midong district constituted the second cluster.[Conclusion]The richness of genetic diversity of the L.oryzo-philus different geographic populations is different and have genetic difference in China.The rice water weevil, L.oryzophilus Kuschel in the ecological regions of oasis in Xin-jiang were probably invaded from Northeast rice planting areas in China in the course of introduction,such as straws and traffic tools by the people.

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Detection of Peronospora farinosa sp.betea Byford by Real-time PCR ZHANG Na;QIAN Yi-ke;WEI Shuang;ZHANG Wei;JIAO Zi-wei;ZHANG Xiang-lin 2016, 53(11): 2077-2082.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1126KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of this study is to develop a SYBR GreenⅠreal-time PCR for the detection of Peronospora farinosa f.sp.betea Byford rapidly.[Method]The real-time PCR primers were de-signed based on the reported 28S rDNA gene sequences of P.farinosa sp.betea Byford and similar species. Totally 6 pathogens of beet and other 5 pathogens and 12 samples of beet seeds were screened to test the speci-ficity and sensitivity and applicability in this assay.[Result]The SYBR GreenⅠreal-time PCR assay could detect positive amplification from P.farinosa f.sp.betea Byford only,negative results from other pathogens and negative control,and more than 100 fg genomic DNA of P.farinosa sp.betea Byford could be detected. The 12 samples of beet seeds from different sources were detected by this assay,suggesting that the results were consistent with the field monitoring results.[Conclusion]This assay can detect P.farinosa sp.betea By-ford rapidly,and offer a technology to early diagnosis and control P.farinosa sp.betea Byford.

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Preliminary Exploration of the Control Effect of Aerially Spraying to Control Agrilus mali Matsumura with Ultra-low Volume in Wild Fruit Forests LIU Ai-hua;ZHANG Xin-ping;YUE Chao-yang;WEN Jun-bao;ZHANG Jing-wen;K0NG Ting-ting;JIA0 Shu-ping;LIANG Ying;SU Teng;LI Peng;TU Lei 2016, 53(11): 2083-2089.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1077KB) ( )   Objective]Preliminary research on the effect of aerially spraying 2; thiacloprid aqueous capsule suspense to control Agrilus mali Matsumura in wild fruit forests in order to provide a theoretical basis for theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control.[Method]The population density of Agrilus mali Mat-sumura were investigated in the survey sample plots and control plots before aircraft spraying.The population density of Agrilus mali Matsumura was also investigated in the survey sample plots and control plots after air-craft spraying.Then the rate of decline of insect and its prevention and cure effect was calculated.[Result]In the aerially spraying area,the reducing rate reached 95 .00;,the control effect reached 65 .82;.[Conclu-sion]The aerially spraying to control Agrilus mali Matsumura with Ultra-low volume in wild fruit forests in Tianshan Mountain has had high efficiency,low cost,and achieved good control effect,which can be applied in large area where Agrilus mali Matsumura seriously damaged wild apple trees.

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Effects of Temperature,Humidity and Illumination on the Germination and Survival of Sporangia of Downy Mildew of Grapes LI Zhuo;JIN Gong-xi;LANG Ning;SUN Qi;REN Yu-zhong;ZHAO Bao-long;ZHANG Li;LI Guo-ying 2016, 53(11): 2090-2097.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1499KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of this project is to study the effects of climate factors on the germi-nation and survival of grape downy mildew sporangia,and provide the theoretical basis to control the disease.[Method]The survival and germination of sporangium was researched by controlling temperature,humidity, light and other climatic factors.[Result]The results showed that sporangia could germinate in water and re-lease zoospores,and the optimum germination temperature was approximately 1 8 -22℃.Sporangia survival was related to temperature,humidity,and light.At 35℃and relative humidity of either 70;or 100;,spo-rangia died within three days.Sporangia survived for more than six days at 10-20℃,regardless of light con-ditions.Disease was observed when these shriveled sporangia were inoculated onto leaf discs.This indicated that shriveled sporangia cannot be used as an indicator whether the sporangia were dead or not.Sporangia were dead after illumination with 0.58 ×102μW /cm2 of ultraviolet light for 5 h.The sporangium did not germi-nate and was not pathogenic after exposure to 8 h direct light.The sporangium survived with 10 h irradiance of scattered light.[Conclusion]Sporangia could germinate in water and release zoospores,and the optimum ger-mination temperature is about to 18 -22℃;the sporangium was sensitive to ultraviolet light.At the direct light intensity of 65,000-107,100 lx,the sporangium would die in 8 hours.

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Leaf Anatomical Structure of Halostachys caspica under Different Concentrations of Salt Stress WANG Hong;QI Zheng;ZHANG Fu-chun 2016, 53(11): 2098-2105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1546KB) ( )   Objective]Although leaves of Halostachys caspica degenerate into a scaly shape and don't play a major role in plant photosynthesis,but they are very sensitive to the changes of environment.[Method]As an important organ,the leaf cell structure was observed under different salt concentration stresses by micro-scopes.[Result]With the increase of salt concentration,the leaves of H.caspica were getting thicker progres-sively,cells arrangement from loose to tight,and crystal and storage cells became larger and more.Papillary-like bulge of epidermal cell wall showed a gradual increase in the outward convex shape,which could fully absorb the water.The variation in papillary-like to hair-like bulge of leaf epidermal cell wall indicated that water content in cells was decreased.More crystal in the leaf epidermal and stomata showed that the cuticle of epidermal cells and stomata of H.caspica could secrete salt.[Conclusion]H.caspica is an excessive mixed halophyte plant both aggregating salt and salt secreting.300 mmol/L-500 mmol/L salt concentrations are the best salt concentrations for the growing of H.caspica,and leaf cell structure is normal under those salt concen-trations.

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Study on the Fermentation Technology of Aimple Oxygen Ventilation of Agaricus bisporus Substrate JIA Wen-jie;JIA Pei-song;GUAN Jian-hua;HAO Jing-zhe;LUO Ying;Nurziya Yarmamat;WEI Peng;Sailike Akezimubieke 2016, 53(11): 2106-2111.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1290KB) ( )   Objective]In order to provide technical support for improving production and efficiency of Agaricus bisporus,the fermentation technology of simple oxygen ventilation of Agaricus bisporus substrate were developed to improve the technical level of fermentation of the small scale farming cultivation.[Method]De-vices of simple oxygen ventilation and double plastic film covering were used to treat the Agaricus bisporus sub-strate.[Result]The fermentation technology of simple oxygen ventilation could reduce the area of anaerobic fermentation,maintain the temperature and humidity of substrate pile,promote the growth of actinomycetes, ensure the homogeneity and stability of fermentation and improve the effect of fermentation,shorten the fer-mentation time of 3 to 5 days and increase the area of actinomycetes of 6 1;.[Conclusion]Simple ventilation oxygen fermentation technology has the advantages of simple operation,low cost,which effectively improved the fermentation quality and efficiency of the double spore mushroom culture medium and it is so suitable for the small scale farming cultivation of Agaricus bisporus that it must have a good application potential.

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Simulation Calculation on Solar Greenhouse Optimum Orientation Based on the Principle of Building Thermal LI Na;CHEN Chao;MA Cai-wen;ZHOU Ping;LING Hao-shu;ZHANG Ming-xing 2016, 53(11): 2112-2118.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1359KB) ( )   Objective]Sunlight greenhouse construction directly influences the ability to intercept solar radiation.[Method]In order to improve the utilization of solar radiation in solar greenhouse energy,based on the characteristic of solar radiation distribution and transmission theory of solar radiation intensity in different regions,the study took Urumqi area in Xinjiang as an example,the sun light intercepted by the front slope roof of sunlight greenhouse as the evaluation index,in combination with the time of solar radiation,the dynam-ic change law of the geographical position of solar greenhouse,using Energy Plus simulation software to analyze the construction of the optimum orientation of sunlight greenhouse in this area.[Result]The results showed that during the most unfavorable growth period of crops growing in winter in Urumqi area(1 1/1 ~2/28 ),the best orientation was southwest 10°.[Conclusion]This paper presents a method for the construction of solar greenhouse,which is based on the simulation and calculation,and is verified by the method of measurement and simulation.The model provides methods and theoretical guidance for the rational construction of solar greenhouse,which could not using the criteria and parameters simply to applied in solar greenhouse construc-tion in various regions.

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Influences of Enclosure on the Growth of Sagebrush Desert -Seriphidium transiliense ZHANG Yong-juan;SUN Yan;AN Sha-zhou 2016, 53(11): 2119-2126.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1130KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of this article is to seek the influences of different enclosure years on the growth of sagebrush desert-Seriphidium transiliense.[Method]Two types of enclosure were set up re-spectively in four years and two years in the test,and the pasturable grassland in the whole year was taken as a control.In different treatment plots,respectively in the vigorous growth period of the plant,squaring stage and summer dormancy and flowering and fruiting period,the different fence years Seriphidium transiliense com-ponent of reproductive allocation were determined.[Result]Enclosure has an obvious effect on average plant height and cluster size of S.transiliense-edificatory,the average plant height and cluster size of four-year enclosure are higher than those without enclosure.And in different growth periods,there was a big difference in both average plant height and cluster size between four-year enclosure and non -closure (P<0.05 ), while the difference with two-year enclosure was not so big maybe because of a relatively short enclosure peri-od.Generally speaking,the overall distributive structure of stock biomass of S.transiliense was root >stem>leaf.As season changes,changes of biomass of root system,biomass of stem,biomass of leaf and total bio-mass of S.transiliense in different enclosure periods were basically the same,which meant that there was no influence of season change on biomass of each component,while different enclosure periods had certain influ-ence on biomass of each component.With the increase of enclosure period,there was obvious change in bio-mass of each component.However as season changes,there was no rule in variation trend of distribution of bi-omass of each component in different enclosure periods.Merely with the increase of enclosure period,distribu-tion of root biomass decreased and distribution of stem and leaf biomass increased.[Conclusion]As the season changes,the largest in above-ground biomass of S.transiliense is the type of four-year enclosure;biomass of root,biomass of stem,biomass of leaf and total biomass of S.transiliense are basically the same,while the largest in the ratio of root and stem is non-enclosure.Therefore,enclosure plays a significant role in impro-ving phytomass and lowering ratio of root and stem.

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The Influence of Castration on Serum Biochemical Index of Simmental Cattle GUO Tong-jun;ZANG Chang-jiang;WANG Lian-qun;SANG Duan-ji;SHAO Wei;YU Xiong 2016, 53(11): 2127-2134.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1135KB) ( )   Objective]The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of castration on serum protein metabolism,energy metabolism and antioxidant index on Simmental cattle.[Method]50 healthy Simmental cattle (16 month)were used in a paired design of single factor by body weight.[Result]The results showed that the content of creatine kinase in the castrated group was lower than uncastrated group and there were significant difference(P<0.05).The contents of urea nitrogen and albumin in castrated group were higher than uncastrated group by 5.63;and 2.59;,respectively.The difference were extremely signif-icant (P<0.01).The ratio of albumin and globulin in the castrated group was significantly higher than un-castrated group(P<0.05 ).As for SOD,GSH -PX and MDA,there were no difference in the castrated group and uncastrated group (P>0.05).[Conclusion]The results suggested that the castration slows down the metabolic oxidation process,slows down,and steers become gentle and the relative reduction in the a-mount of activity,thus resulting in the body's demand for ATP.Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogen-ase activity decreased,and so did blood glucose consumption;The blood sugar level in serum relatively went up.The assimilation of protein decreased,and the oxidative stress of blood became lower.And the increase in albumin may suggest that ovariectomized cows need more lipoprotein fatty acids and other nutrients.

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The Difference Analysis of Wool Traits among Strains in Chinese Merino (Xinjiang Type) ZHAO Bing-ru;FU Xue-feng;YU Li-juan;TIAN Yue-zhen;HE Jun-ming;WANG Xu-guang;HUANG Xi-xia;TIAN Ke-chuan 2016, 53(11): 2135-2141.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1247KB) ( )   Objective]This project mainly analyzes the differences and correlation relationship with wool traits among each strain.[Method]985 ewes of Chinese Merino Sheep(Xinjiang type)in Kunas breeding farm were taken as the research object,all the individual identification and shearing records were collected and the mean fiber diameter,fiber diameter coefficient of variance and crimp number were measureed in the laboratory room.SAS8.1 software was used to analyze the strains and birth season combined effects and groups effect in each wool trait in Chinese Merino Sheep (Xinjiang type)in order to identify the correlation between them.[Re-sult]The results showed that the strains and birth season combined effects have a extremely significant effect on staple length,crimp number,body size,greasy fleece weight,body weight B,body weight A and spinning count (P<0.01),and they also have a significant effect on fiber diameter coefficient of variance(P<0.05);Groups have a extremely significant effect on the mean fiber diameter,crimp number,oil,body weight A and spinning count (P<0.01)as well,and there were some correlations of each wool traits to different degrees.[Conclu-sion]Therefore,by means of comparing the difference between the wool traits among different strains and clear relationship among each trait,the results hope to provide a theoretical support for evaluating the wool quality and further selecting Chinese Merino Sheep (Xinjiang type).

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Genetic Analysis of Fetal Milk Yield of Holstein Cow Rexiti Reyimujing;WEI Chen;HUANG Xi-xia;Mairemubieke Heisha;GE Jian-jun;Paerhati Mutielihan;MA Gang-hui 2016, 53(11): 2142-2148.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1125KB) ( )   Objective]Through the estimation of Hutubi Holstein cattle farm first 305 days milk yield of genetic parameters and breeding value,this paper aims to set up the genetic evaluation system and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the genetic evaluation system and the evaluation of the breeding bulls.[Meth-od]The milk yield of Xinjiang Hutubi cattle farm 1 ,145 Holstein dairy cow fetal and pedigree data were used for SAS software statistical analysis.The effects of 4 factors:the field,calving year,calving month and the primip-arous month age on milk yield were observed to study the seasonal variation of milk yield in 305 days.And mo-reover,the heritability and breeding value of milk yield in 305 days were estimated by BLUPf90 program.[Re-sult]Pasture,calving year and calving month affected 305 day milk yield significantly (P<0.01 ),effects of primiparous months on 305 day milk yield were not significant (P>0.05 );The milk yield changed significantly with the change of the seasons.In winter and spring,milk yield was higher than other seasons.The heritability of milk production was 0.268.The estimated breeding value of each individual and ancestor was obtained and the scope was 1,967.04 to -1,042.78.The difference was 3,009.82 kg.[Conclusion]In this dairy herd,Ani-mal genetic gap were larger,the individual genetic ability were better,to provide a reliable scientific basis for se-lection accuracy and improved efficiency for reference for the rational organization of dairy production and im-prove.

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PRRSV ORF7 Cloning and Genetic Evolution Analysis of Pigs in Northern Xinjiang WU Peng;ZHANG Xun;LIANG Tian;CHEN Xin-kai;XIAO Yuan-yuan;SHENG Jin-liang 2016, 53(11): 2149-2156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2144KB) ( )   Objective]To study porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)genetic variation to monitor the prevalence of PRRSV in Xinjiang and provide assistance to PRRSV serology.[Method]We used RT-PCR method for the separation of 18 PRRSV ORF7 gene which was amplified,cloned and se-quenced to analyze the ORF7 gene variation[Results]The 18 PRRSV ORF7 sequence mutation type belonged to North America type.They had different genetic strain relations with the international standards and national standards strains.XJzx 4 and XJzx 1 had a closer genetic relationship with the international standard strains 01NP1.2,PA8,VR-2332 and LMY.Except XJzx1,XJzx14,the rest strains had close relationships with the mainland strains BJsy06,GD,HB-1sh 2002,HuN,JXA1,LN,NX06 and SX2009,so it could be inferred that they evolved from the strains in mainland China.[Conclusion]It is hypothesized that local pop PRRSV strains are derived from different regions.We have not detected PRRSV ORF7 gene deletion mutation in Xin-jiang.