新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(7): 1696-1709 DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.07.017

园艺特产·贮藏保鲜加工

不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响

许进宗,, 包建平,

塔里木大学园艺与林学学院/塔里木大学南疆特色果树高效优质栽培与深加工技术国家地方联合工程实验室/新疆生产建设兵团塔里木盆地生物资源保护利用重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300

Effects of different irrigation amounts on storage quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit under irrigation mode

XU Jinzong,, BAO Jianping,

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Tarim University/National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and High Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Tarim University/Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization in Tarim Basin, Aral Xinjiang 843300, China

通讯作者: 包建平(1977-),女,新疆阿克苏人,教授,硕士生/博士生导师,研究方向为果树栽培生理与生态,(E-mail)baobao-xinjiang@126.com

收稿日期: 2023-12-30  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(3186110248)
国家自然科学基金项目(U200310253)
新疆生产建设兵团塔里木盆地生物资源保护利用重点实验室开放课题(BRYB1903)
新疆生产建设兵团科技创新人才计划项目(2021CB055)
新疆生产建设兵团强青科技人才项目(2022CB001-11)

Corresponding authors: BAO Jianping(1977-) female,from Aksu, Xinjiang, professor, the research direction: physiology and ecology of fruit tree cultivation,(E-mail)baobao-xinjiang@126.com

Received: 2023-12-30  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(3186110248)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U200310253)
Key Laboratory Open Project of Tarim Basin Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(BRYB1903)
Science and Technology Innovation Talent Program Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2021CB055)
Strengthening Programs for Young Scientific and Technological Personnel Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2022CB001-11)

作者简介 About authors

许进宗(1998-),男,新疆木垒人,硕士研究生,研究方向为果树栽培生理与生态,(E-mail)1589912638@qq.com

摘要

【目的】研究不同滴灌灌水量对新疆库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响,为筛选香梨节水灌溉量及提升其贮藏品质提供参考依据。【方法】以5年生主干形香梨树为试材,设置5个滴灌灌水量梯度W1(5 460m3/hm2)、W2(5 880m3/hm2)、W3(6 380m3/hm2)、W4(6 720 m3/hm2)和W5(7 140 m3/hm2),成熟期各组随机采摘50个果实,分别贮藏0、10、20、30和40 d,测定果实品质。【结果】W1(5 460 m3/hm2)处理果实不耐贮藏,在贮藏40 d时全部腐烂;W5(7 140 m3/hm2)处理的果实贮藏品质最佳,贮藏40 d时,果皮可溶性蛋白质含量最高,为2.37 mg/g,果皮VC含量最高,为2.36 mg/100g,果肉可溶性糖含量最高,为11.6%,主成分综合评价排名第一。【结论】W5(7 140 m3/hm2)滴灌灌水量下香梨果实贮藏40 d品质最佳,滴灌灌水量过少时不利于提升香梨果实贮藏品质。

关键词： 滴灌灌水量; 库尔勒香梨; 果实; 贮藏品质

Abstract

【Objective】The research aims to study the effects of different drip irrigation amounts on the storage quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit, so as to provide reference for the study of water-saving irrigation and storage time of the fruit.【Methods】The 5-year-old trunk-shaped Korla fragrant pear tree was used as the test material, and 5 drip irrigation gradients were set. At the mature stage, 50 fruits were randomly picked in each group and stored for 0,10,20,30,40 d to determine the fruit quality.【Results】The fruits treated with W1 (5,460 m3/hm2) were not resistant to storage and all rotted after 40 days of storage. The fruit treated with W5 (7,140 m3/hm2) had the best storage quality. After 40 days of storage, the content of soluble protein in peel was the highest, which was 2.37 mg/g, the content of VC in peel was the highest, which was 2.36 mg/100g, and the content of soluble sugar in pulp was the highest, which was 11.6 %. The comprehensive evaluation of principal component analysis showed it ranked the first.【Conclusion】The fruit quality of Korla fragrant pear is the best after 40 days of long-term storage under the drip irrigation amount of W5 (7,140 m3 / hm2). When the drip irrigation amount was too small, it was not conducive to the improvement of the storage quality of the pear.

Keywords： irrigation; Korla fragrant pear; fruit; storage quality

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本文引用格式

许进宗, 包建平. 不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(7): 1696-1709 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.07.017

XU Jinzong, BAO Jianping. Effects of different irrigation amounts on storage quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit under irrigation mode[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(7): 1696-1709 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.07.017

0 引言

【研究意义】梨树是需水量较多的树种,对水分的反应较为敏感[1]。梨园生产中若采用超量灌溉(例如一年灌5~6次)或大水漫灌,则降低了水分利用效率和果实品质[2]。新疆南疆为干旱气候区域,滴灌是南疆目前普遍采用的一种节水灌溉方式。根据梨树需水特性,设置合理的灌水量和灌水次数不仅能增产、提高果实品质,同时也为长期贮藏提供保障[3⇓-5]。【前人研究进展】Sanaev等[6]研究发现,在60 m长、流量0.1 L/S的沟灌条件下,可提高马铃薯商品薯率97.8% (36.7 t/hm2),同时改善了马铃薯的保鲜品质,评分从5.6分提高至6.1分。María等[7]分析发现,在石榴果实生长和成熟的最后阶段采用RDI(regulated deficit irrigation)灌溉策略,可节水14.6%,RDI 2(果实生长成熟末期灌溉25% ETC)处理的石榴产量较高,其果实形态特征在采收期和冷藏期间不受RDI的影响。在贮藏期间,果实重量和大小逐渐减少,特别是在贮藏的前15 d。随着贮藏时间的延长,可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量下降,pH值上升。王富霞等[8]试验发现,节水灌溉可以提高葡萄果实的整齐度和果实糖含量,明显提高果实品质。廖晨宇等[9]研究表明,核桃树在3 000 m3/hm2灌水定额下在保证良好的光合作用及水分状况时,可明显降低核桃果仁单宁含量、提升营养品质。【本研究切入点】张倩等[10]发现,滴灌可提高香梨果实品质又节水,且提高果实单果重、果形指数、角质层厚度,降低果肉硬度和VC含量。曹刚等[11]根据树体果实产量和品质综合表现,发现冬灌1次、每年滴灌9次,生长季节灌水量5 670 m3/hm2,年灌水总量7 340 m3/hm2为沙漠边缘区库尔勒香梨园适宜的节水灌溉模式。晏清洪等[12]发现,成龄库尔勒香梨灌水方式由漫灌改为地表滴灌的初期,滴灌湿润比设计为40%比较合适。南鑫[13]研究发现,干旱胁迫提高了库尔勒香梨的果形指数和果实硬度。但这些均集中在滴灌对库尔勒香梨果实品质的采前研究,而未涉及滴灌对采后库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响。而通常采摘下来的库尔勒香梨有3/4贮藏于冷库中待售。需研究不同滴灌灌水量对新疆库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】以5年生主干形库尔勒香梨树为试材,设置5个滴灌灌水量梯度,研究不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响,进一步完善库尔勒香梨园灌溉生产制度。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

以新疆生产建设兵团第一师九团(阿拉尔市)二营香梨示范园内5年生库尔勒香梨树为试材。株行距为1.5 m×4 m,试验设置15个小区,每个小区面积大约48 m2,每小区随机选择生长良好的库尔勒香梨树6株,作好标记,两端各留1~2株作为隔离树,防止不同处理间的干扰。图1

图1

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图1   试验小区分布

Fig.1   Overview distribution of the experimental plot


1.2 方法

1.2.1 试验设计

在香梨树生长季滴灌条件下设置5个灌水梯度,即W1(5 460m3/hm2)、W2(5 880m3/hm2)、W3(6 380m3/hm2)、W4(6 720 m3/hm2)、W5(7 140 m3/hm2)。在1行梨树两边各铺设1条滴灌带,距离树中心60 cm,其内径为20 mm,公称压力(PN)为0.25 MPa,滴头间距为0.5 m,流量为3 L/h,下渗深度为60 cm。灌水量由水表(精度0.01 t)控制流量。

2021年9月25日采摘不同滴灌灌水量处理的库尔勒香梨果实,分组为W1、W2、W3、W4和W5。每组随机采摘50个成熟果实,在(15±5)℃常温、密封、遮光条件下贮藏,每组处理在贮藏0、10、20、30和40 d随机选取10个果实测定果实品质。表1,表2

表1   不同时期的滴灌灌水方案

Tab.1  Drip irrigation schemes in different periods

时期
Period		处理
Handle		W1W2W3W4W5
幼果发育期
The stage of development of young fruit		次数22222
灌水量(m3/hm2)7808409009601 020
果实膨大前期
Early stage of fruit expansion		次数22222
灌水量(m3/hm2)7808409009601 020
果实膨大后期
Late stage of fruit expansion		次数22222
灌水量(m3/hm2)7808409009601 020
果实成熟前期
Early stage of fruit ripening		次数11111
灌水量(m3/hm2)7808409009601 020
总生育期
Total fertility period		次数77777
灌水量(m3/hm2)5 4605 8806 3006 7207 140

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表2   不同时期的滴灌施肥方案

Tab.2  Drip irrigation in different periods(kg/667m2)

施肥时期
Fertilization period		纯养分量
Pure weight		W1W2W3W4W5
花前(3月中旬)
Before flower (mid-March)		N44444
P2O533333
K2O33333
幼果发育期
(4月中下旬~5月初)
The stage of development of young fruit
(Mid to late April early May)		N66666
P2O54.54.54.54.54.5
K2O44444
果实膨大前期
(5月中旬~6月初)
Early stage of fruit expansion
(Mid May-early June)		N44444
P2O533333
K2O33333
果实膨大后期
(6月中旬~7月底)
Late stage of fruit expansion
(Mid June end of July)		N33333
P2O52.252.252.252.252.25
K2O55555
成熟前(8月上旬)
Before maturity (early August)		N33333
P2O52.252.252.252.252.25
K2O55555
全年总量
Total of the year		N2020202020
P2O51515151515
K2O2020202020
合计5555555555

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1.2.2 测定指标
1.2.2.1 果实品质

用电子天平(PL4002-IC)对单果重;果实纵径、横径用电子数显游标卡尺(GB/T21389)测量;可溶性固形物含量,选上、中、下3个部位果肉用数字糖度计(TD-45)测定[10];果实硬度、咀嚼性、胶粘性、弹性用质构仪(VA1912wb-3)测定[14],每组各贮藏期随机选取5个果实(设置形变量20%,速度30 mm/min)测定整果指标。

果形指数=纵径横径;腐烂率(%)=腐烂果数剩余总果数×100%。

叶绿素含量参照马炜等[15]方法,采用无水乙醇浸提法,用紫外分光光度计在663和645 nm处测定;VC含量参照穆凯代斯罕·伊萨克[16]方法采用钼蓝比色法、用紫外分光光度计在760 nm处测定;可溶性蛋白质含量参照周颖等[17]的方法,采用考马斯亮蓝比色法、用紫外分光光度计在595 nm处测定;可溶性糖含量测定参照穆凯代斯罕·伊萨克[16]方法,采用蒽酮比色法、紫外分光光度计在620 nm处测定;可滴定酸含量,参照穆凯代斯罕·伊萨克[16]方法,采用0.01 mol/L NaOH滴定。

1.2.2.2 观察不同贮藏时期果皮、果肉细胞显微结构变化

参照王秀文[18]方法,将各组不同贮藏时期的库尔勒香梨果皮、果肉切块,用FAA固定液(38%甲醛5 mL+冰醋酸5 mL+70%酒精90 mL+丙三醇5 mL)浸泡7 d后,经过脱水、透明、透蜡、包埋、切片、贴片、染色、透明、封藏后在液相显微镜下观察细胞显微结构,并测量果皮细胞的角质层、蜡质层、皮层厚度。

1.3 数据处理

运用Excle 2010对试验数据进行整理、制作图表,运用SPSS 27.0对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,显著性分析(P<0.05)及主成分分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同灌水量对采摘时库尔勒香梨果实外观品质的影响

研究表明,采摘时,单果重最大的W1处理较最低的W3高38.6%,各处理单果重大小顺序为W1>W5>W4>W2>W3。贮藏期间除W1外,其他各组单果重差异不显著。不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实纵径的影响呈显著性差异,最大纵径W4处理较最小纵径W5高38.8%,各处理大小顺序为W4>W2>W3>W1>W5。W1处理果实横径与其他各组有显著性差异。最高的W1处理较最低的W2高13.7%。不同滴灌灌水量对香梨果实果形指数影响差异不显著。在W1滴灌灌水量处理的果实外观品质较好。表3

表3   不同滴灌灌水量下库尔勒香梨果实外观品质的变化

Tab.3  Changes of different drip irrigation water quantity on the fruit appearance quality of Korla fragrant pear

组别
Group		单果重
Single fruit weight
(g)		纵径
Vertical diameter
(mm)		横径
Transverse diameter
(mm)		果形指数
Fruit index
W1136.9±5.23a70.51±6.73b62.96±4.79a1.12±0.07a
W299.5±5.84b98.47±15.8a54.32±3.31b1.10±0.06a
W3108.8±7.71b97.72±7.71a54.39±2.12b1.10±0.06a
W4104.34±6.68b104.34±16.68a55.45±3.38b1.10±0.06a
W5110.10±2.90b63.81±6.68b56.14±3.08b1.13±0.07a

注:不同字母表示在P<0.05水平上显著,下同

Note: Different letters indicate significant at the P <0.05 level, the same as below

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2.2 不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响

2.2.1 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实腐烂率的影响

研究表明,W1处理的库尔勒香梨果实腐烂率在整个贮藏过程中逐渐增加,在贮藏40 d时,W1处理的库尔勒香梨果实腐烂率达到100%。W4处理果实的腐烂率相对较低,在贮藏40 d时,剩余10个果中有7个可以达到试验要求,腐烂率为50%。W2、W3和W5处理的库尔勒香梨果实腐烂率介于W1和W4之间,W1 处理腐烂速度较快,W4处理腐烂速度较慢。图2

图2

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图2   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实腐烂率的变化

Fig.2   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on the fruit rot rate of Korla fragrant pear during the storage period


2.2.2 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实带皮硬度的影响

研究表明,W1和W5处理的库尔勒香梨果实带皮硬度随贮藏时间延长而显著降低,采摘时,带皮硬度最高的W1处理较最低的W2高20.6%,W2、W3、W4和W5处理的库尔勒香梨果实带皮硬度差异不显著。贮藏30 d时,W1处理下降了30.2%,贮藏40 d时W5下降了27.4%。其他处理贮藏40 d变化差异不显著,W4处理的果实带皮硬度在贮藏期变化较为集中,呈先上升后下降的趋势,其它各处理呈先下降后上升的趋势,W4处理的带皮硬度较好。图3

图3

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图3   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实带皮硬度的变化

Fig.3   Changes of different drip irrigation water quantity on the fruit skin hardness of Korla fragrant pear during the storage period


2.2.3 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性固形物含量的影响

研究表明,采摘时不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实可溶性固形物含量的差异不显著。贮藏20 d时,W1处理可溶性固形物含量显著高于其它处理,贮藏30 d时,W2处理可溶性固形物含量最高,为12.1%。W2处理贮藏40 d后可溶性固形物含量下降10.4%。W5处理各时期可溶性固形物含量差异不显著性,贮藏40 d较采摘时下降了4.9%,随着贮藏时间的增加,可溶性固形物含量呈下降趋势。贮藏40 d W3、W4处理的可溶性固形物含量较佳。图4

图4

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图4   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性固形物含量的变化

Fig.4   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on the soluble solid content of Korla fragrant pear fruit during the storage period


2.2.4 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性糖含量的影响

研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量对采摘时库尔勒香梨果皮可溶性糖含量影响显著。W1、W3处理采摘时显著低于W2、W4和W5处理,W5处理的最高,为6.8%。贮藏期果皮可溶性糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,峰值的出现先后不同,W1、W4和W5处理果皮可溶性糖在贮藏20 d达到峰值,分别为8.9%、11%和9.6%,W2、W3处理在贮藏30 d时达到峰值,分别为9.8%和9%。贮藏40 d果皮的可溶性糖含量大小顺序为W2>W3>W5>W4。

不同滴灌灌水量处理对库尔勒香梨采摘时果肉可溶性糖含量差异不显著。贮藏期果肉的可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,在贮藏20 d时,W3、W4处理的果肉可溶性糖含量达到峰值,分别为11.4%、11.8%,贮藏30 d时,W1、W2处理达到峰值,分别为8.8%、11.2%,W5处理在贮藏40 d时达到峰值,为11.6%。贮藏40 d时,W2、W3和W4处理果肉可溶性糖含量下降显著,W4处理果肉的可溶性糖含量最低,为4.8%。贮藏40 d果肉的可溶性糖含量大小顺序为W5>W2>W3>W4。在贮藏40 d时W2处理的果皮,W5处理的果肉可溶性糖含量最高。图5

图5

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图5   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性糖含量的变化

Fig.5   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on the soluble sugar content of Korla fragrant pear fruit during the storage period


2.2.5 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性蛋白质含量的影响

研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量对采摘时库尔勒香梨果皮可溶性蛋白质含量影响显著,最高的W5处理较最低的W3处理高22.9%。贮藏期间W4处理持续下降,W2、W3、W5处理在贮藏10 d时较采摘时有所升高,随后开始持续下降。各处理在贮藏40 d时下降显著,贮藏40 d时各处理的大小顺序为W5>W2>W4>W3。

采摘时库尔勒香梨的果皮可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于果肉的。采摘时W1、W2和W3处理果肉的可溶性蛋白质含量差异不显著,最高的W5处理较最低的W4处理高61.1%。贮藏期间,W2、W4和W5处理呈先上升后下降的趋势,W1处理呈先下降后上升的趋势,W3处理持续下降。W1处理贮藏30 d时,较采摘时下降了36.4%,在贮藏40 d时,W2、W3、W4和W5处理较采摘时分别下降了57%、68%、60%和79%,贮藏40 d各处理大小顺序为W2>W4>W5>W3。贮藏40 d时W5处理的果皮,W2处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量最高。图6

图6

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图6   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可溶性蛋白质含量的变化

Fig.6   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on the soluble protein content of Korla fragrant pear fruit during the storage period


2.2.6 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可滴定酸含量的影响

研究表明,果皮可滴定酸呈上升-下降-上升的趋势。 采摘时,果皮可滴定酸含量大小顺序为W3>W1>W4>W5>W2。贮藏20 d时W1处理达到峰值,为0.028%,W2处理在贮藏40 d时达到峰值,为0.025%,W3处理在贮藏20 d内持续下降,贮藏30 d时出现升高,W4处理呈下降-上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势,在贮藏20 d时达到峰值,为0.033%。W5处理在贮藏10 d时达到峰值为,0.03%,随后开始下降。

W1处理的果肉可滴定酸含量在采摘时最高,为0.016%,随后逐渐下降,贮藏30 d较采摘时降低了25%,W2、W3和W4处理在贮藏40 d时较采摘时显著升高,W5处理果肉可滴定酸含量呈下降-上升-下降-上升的趋势,W4处理呈上升-下降-上升趋势。试验可滴定酸变化整体情况与其研究结果相吻合。在贮藏40 d时W4处理的果皮、果肉可滴定酸含量最高。图7

图7

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图7   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实可滴定酸含量的变化

Fig.7   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on the titratable acid content of Korla fragrant pear fruit during the storage period


2.2.7 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实VC含量的影响

研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量对采摘时库尔勒香梨果皮VC含量差异不显著。贮藏40 d时,果皮VC含量最高的W5处理较最低的W3处理高20.8%,贮藏40 d各处理的大小顺序为W5>W2>W4>W3。

库尔勒香梨果皮VC含量显著高于果肉的VC含量。采摘时W4处理的库尔勒香梨果肉VC含量显著高于W3,其它处理的差异不显著,各处理采摘时的大小顺序为W4>W1>W5>W2>W3。贮藏10 d时,W1、W5处理达到峰值,分别为0.7、1.15 mg/100g,W2、W3处理在贮藏30 d达到峰值,分别为0.65、0.55 mg/100g,W4处理在采摘时达到峰值,为0.76 mg/100g。W1、W2、W5处理随贮藏时间的延长呈上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势,W4处理呈先下降后上升的趋势,W3处理呈先上升后下降的趋势。贮藏40 d各处理的大小顺序为W4>W5>W3>W2。在贮藏40 d时W5处理的果皮,W4处理的果肉VC含量最高。图8

图8

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图8   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实VC含量的变化

Fig.8   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on VC content of Korla fragrant pear fruit during storage period


2.2.8 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实叶绿素含量的影响

研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量对采摘时库尔勒香梨果皮叶绿素含量影响显著,W5处理显著高于W1处理,采摘时各处理大小顺序为W5>W3>W4>W2>W1。贮藏40 d时W4、W5处理较采摘时分别下降了72.7%、63.1%。W1、W3和W5处理在贮藏10 d时其含量达到峰值,分别为0.089、0.1和0.12 mg/g,W2、W4处理在采摘时达到峰值,分别为 0.097、0.11 mg/g。W1、W3、W5处理呈先上升后下降的趋势,W2、W4处理呈先下降后上升趋势,贮藏40 d各处理果皮叶绿素含量大小顺序为W2>W5>W4>W3。

不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果肉的叶绿素含量影响差异不显著,采摘时W3处理含量最高,为0.03 mg/g,采摘时各处理大小顺序为W3>W1>W2>W5>W4。W1、W2和W3处理在贮藏期间变化差异不显著,在贮藏30 d时,W1、W2处理达到峰值,分别为0.035、0.03 mg/g,在贮藏10 d时,W4、W5处理达到峰值,分别为0.027、0.02 mg/g,W3处理贮藏20 d时达到峰值,为0.026 mg/g。各处理贮藏40 d时大小顺序为W3>W5>W2>W4。在贮藏40 d时W2的处理的果皮,W3处理的果肉叶绿素含量最高。图9

图9

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图9   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期果皮果肉叶绿素含量的变化

Fig.9   Changes of different drip irrigation water amount on chlorophyll content in fruit pulp during storage period


2.2.9 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性的影响

研究表明,贮藏40 d时各处理库尔勒香梨果实的胶粘性,咀嚼性较采摘时差异不显著,W4、W5处理果实的咀嚼性呈先下降再上升趋势,W5处理在贮藏30 d时达到峰值,W4处理在贮藏10 d时达到峰值,W1、W2和W3处理的咀嚼性在贮藏期间呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。W1处理果实胶粘性呈先下降后上升的趋势,W2、W3、W4和W5处理呈先上升后下降的趋势。随着贮藏时间的延长,果实的弹性呈下降趋势,W5处理果实的弹性较为稳定,在贮藏期间无显著性波动。贮藏40 d时W4处理的果实咀嚼性、胶粘性、弹性较好。图10

图10

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图10   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性的变化

Fig.10   Changes of different drip irrigation waterquantity on the viscosity, masticability and elasticity of Korla fragrant pear fruits during the storage period


2.3 不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果实显微结构的影响

研究表明,采摘时,各组的果皮蜡质层较为平滑连接紧密,随着贮藏时间的延长蜡质层逐渐变薄出现断裂。角质层细胞在采摘时排列紧密,细胞圆滑,随着贮藏时间的延长,细胞逐渐干瘪,细胞间出现较大空隙,角质层较蜡质层厚,细胞较蜡质层细胞大。皮层细胞在采摘时排列紧密,细胞个体较大,大小不一致,随着贮藏时间的延长,细胞内物质减少,细胞间隙扩大,上皮层细胞较小,下皮层细胞较大,随贮藏时间的延长,上皮层细胞逐渐破裂被染色。图11

图11

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图11   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果皮细胞结构的变化

注:WC:为蜡质层细胞;CU:为角质层细胞;CO:为皮层细胞

Fig.11   Changes of different drip irrigation water volume on the peel cell structure of Korla fragrant pear during the storage period

Note: WC: waxy layer cells; CU: cuticular cells; CO: cortical cells


研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量处理,不同贮藏时期果肉的细胞结构变化明显,采摘时果肉细胞紧密排列在石细胞周围,细胞结构明显,果肉石细胞呈现团状被果肉细胞包裹,越靠近石细胞的果肉,细胞越小越紧凑,远离石细胞的果肉,细胞较饱满。在贮藏20 d时,果肉细胞出现不同程度的破裂,以W1处理最为显著。W5处理的石细胞排列较为紧凑,且石细胞个体较小,贮藏时期细胞变化相对较小。图12

图12

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图12   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果肉细胞结构的变化

注:S:为石细胞

Fig.12   Changes of different drip irrigation water volume on the cell structure of Korla fragrant pear pulp during the storage period

Note: S: for stone cells


研究表明,不同滴灌灌水量对贮藏期库尔勒香梨果皮贮藏期角质层、蜡质层、皮层影响显著。W2处理的果皮角质层、蜡质层最厚,分别为6.23、4.27 μm,W5处理果皮皮层最厚,为12.91 μm。W2、W3和W5处理的果皮角质层随着贮藏时间的延长无显著性差异,W1处理库尔勒香梨果实,采摘时和贮藏10 d差异显著,随后保持稳定,W4处理的库尔勒香梨果皮角质层在贮藏10 d时差异性显著,其余各贮藏时期差异不显著。W2、W3和W4处理果皮蜡质层、皮层差异不显著,W1、W5处理果皮蜡质层、角质层随贮藏时间的延长呈差异显著,无一定的线性规律。W4处理的蜡质层厚度较大,W3的角质层、皮层厚度较大。图13

图13

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图13   不同滴灌灌水量下贮藏期库尔勒香梨果皮角质层、蜡质层、皮层的变化

Fig.13   Effect of different drip irrigation water quantity on the cuticle, wax layer, wax layer and cortex layer of Korla fragrant pear peel during the storage period


2.4 不同滴灌灌水量处理的库尔勒香梨果实贮藏40 d时主成分综合评价

研究表明,16个果实品质提取两组主成分,分别为主成分1(果皮可溶性糖、果皮可溶性蛋白质、果皮可滴定酸、果皮VC、可溶性固形物)主成分2(可溶性固形物、果肉可溶性糖、果肉可溶性蛋白质、果肉可滴定酸、果肉VC),两组主成分的KMO值分别为0.634和0.638(介于0.6~0.7)可以进行主成分分析。表4

表4   主成分的KMO 和 Bartlett 的检验

Tab.4  KMO and Bartlett tests for principal components

主成分1
Principal
compo-
nent 1		主成分2
Principal
compo-
nent 2
KMO值 KMO value0.6340.638
Bartlett 球形度检验
Bartlett sphelicity test		近似卡方8.91210.235
df1010
P 值P value0.5400.418

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主成分得分=线性组合系数矩阵×标准化数据。

主成分1的成分得分1= -0.143×果皮可溶性糖+0.307×果皮可溶性蛋白质+0.455×果皮可滴定酸+0.586×果皮VC-0.578×可溶性固形物。成分得分2=-0.182×果皮可溶性糖+0.789×果皮可溶性蛋白质-0.587×果皮可滴定酸-0.005×果皮VC-0.003×可溶性固形物,综合得分为方差解释率与成分得分乘积后累加计算得到,主成分1的综合得分=0.681×成分得分1 + 0.319×成分得分2。

主成分2的成分得分1=-0.448×可溶性固形物+0.436×果肉可溶性糖-0.219×果肉可溶性蛋白质+0.457×果肉可滴定酸+0.594×果肉VC。成分得分2=0.344×可溶性固形物+0.298×果肉可溶性糖+0.812×果肉可溶性蛋白质+0.361×果肉可滴定酸+0.063×果肉VC,主成分2的综合得分为,0.679×成分得分1 + 0.321×成分得分2。表5

表5   主成分线性组合系数矩阵

Tab.5  The linear combined coefficient matrix of principal components

名称
Name		主成分1
Principal component 1		名称
Name		主成分2
Principal component 2
成分1
Component 1		成分2
Component 2		成分1
Component 1		成分2
Component 2
果皮可溶性糖
Carp soluble sugar		-0.143-0.182可溶性固形物
Soluble solid		-0.4480.344
果皮可溶性蛋白质
Rind-soluble protein		0.3070.789果肉可溶性糖
Carnal soluble sugar		0.4360.298
果皮可滴定酸
The peel can be titrated with acid		0.455-0.587果肉可溶性蛋白质
The soluble protein of the pulp		-0.2190.812
果皮VC
Peel VC		0.586-0.005果肉可滴定酸
The pulp can be titrated with acid		0.4570.361
可溶性固形物
Soluble solid		-0.578-0.003果肉VC
Sarcocarp VC		0.5940.063
方差解释率
The rate of variance interpretation		68.1%31.9%方差解释率
The rate of variance interpretation		67.9%32.1%

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在选取的两种主成分中W5处理的得分综合排名均为第1,贮藏40 d时W5处理的果实品质较好。表6

表6   主成分得分综合排名

Tab.6  Comprehensive ranking of PCA scores

主成分1得分
Principal
component 1
scored		排名
Ranking		主成分2得分
Principal
component 2
scored		排 名
Ranking
W2-0.04130.1362
W3-1.44640.0283
W40.0042-0.4414
W51.03310.2771

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3 讨论

3.1 不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨外观品质的影响

赵志军等[19]研究发现不同灌水量对梨产量和单果重不存在显著差异。张克坤等[20]研究发现灌水量影响葡萄果粒的形态与质地特征,采收期葡萄果粒的纵径并未受到灌水量的显著影响。在试验中W1处理的单果重显著高于其他各处理,与前人的研究结果有出入,是因为W1处理的灌水量较少,果实的石细胞含量较高,树体养分充分,光合作用较强造成的。果实纵径、横径及果形指数的变化与前人的研究结果相同。2018年,库尔勒香梨的商品率为81.2%[21],试验W5处理的库尔勒香梨的商品率达到了89.4%,较其提高了9.9%。张铭[22]发现滴灌9次/a、每次下渗60 cm、年灌水总量为7 340 m3/hm2时,‘黄冠梨’的果实品质较好,试验研究发现,W5处理,生长期滴灌灌水量为7 140 m3/hm2更适宜库尔勒香梨园的生产灌溉及果实贮藏,与其研究结果相符合。

3.2 不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨贮藏品质的影响

李世荣等[23]研究发现,在同一采收期的‘泌阳瓢梨’在贮藏过程中,果实的硬度、和VC含量逐渐降低,蛋白质、总糖、总酸与可溶性固形物含量有升降变化。李中杰[24]发现苹果的硬度随着灌水量的减少而增大,减小灌水量能提升果肉内部可溶性固形物含量和VC含量,在试验中W5处理的库尔勒香梨果实贮藏期间可溶性糖含量、VC含量、可滴定酸含量出现差异性变化,总体趋势是逐渐上升,W1处理的库尔勒香梨在采摘时果实硬度最大,可溶性固形物含量最高。广新梅[25]通过对库尔勒香梨果实可滴定总酸在每个采收期不同贮藏时间变化的折线图发现,其含量呈现下降-上升-下降-上升的特点。冯云霄等[26]发现采摘成熟度对‘红香酥’梨贮藏效果的影响较大,低成熟度果实适合中期贮藏,中成熟度果实更适合长期贮藏,高成熟度果实适合短期贮藏。兰海鹏[27]发现随着成熟的深入,库尔勒香梨的叶绿素含量逐渐减少、可溶性固形物含量逐渐增加。试验中不同滴灌灌水量处理同一采摘时期W1处理的库尔勒香梨叶绿素含量最低,可溶性固形物含量最高,W1处理在采摘时果实成熟度最高,果实在贮藏期间易腐烂,其采摘时果实硬度较大可能与其灌水量较少、石细胞含量较高有关联,以上的研究成果进一步论证了前人的观点。

陆红飞等[28]发现水分胁迫提高了番茄产量,降低了灌水量,且贮藏第10 d后可溶性固形物比第1 d提高了20%,有利于果实贮藏。王志平等[29]发现活性水有利于提高草莓的果实产量、品质和耐贮藏性,活性水灌溉草莓总产量较普通水灌溉显著提高6.9%~14.8%,在不同贮藏阶段糖度显著增加0.7~1.1个百分点,2~4℃贮藏保鲜期延长了3 d左右。试验研究发现W5处理贮藏40 d时,果肉的可溶性糖含量较采摘时提高了65.7%,较常规灌水量下贮藏提高了33%。在(15±5)℃遮光密封条件下有利于延长贮藏期5~10 d。贮藏期果实的腐烂率是评价果实贮藏效果的关键指标。王亚等[30]研究发现,丰水梨在20℃下贮藏腐烂速度非常快,20 d时腐烂率增加到了70%。试验W3、W4和W5处理的库尔勒香梨在贮藏40 d时果实的腐烂率均未达到70%,在同一采摘时期,灌水量越少果实的成熟度越高,贮藏期果实越容易腐烂,试验研究发现不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨的贮藏期果实品质影响显著。

3.3 不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨细胞显微结构的影响

梨的贮藏品质与果皮结构有着密不可分的关系,李磊等[31]研究发现,随着贮藏时间的延长,南果梨的果皮蜡质超微形态处于动态变化过程,角质层,表皮层的厚度越高,果实越不易腐烂,角质膜可保护果实表面免受机械性损伤。杨立等[32]研究发现在梨果实成熟期,果肉石细胞团的密度和体积大小基本稳定,并且以石细胞团为中心,薄壁细胞向外呈辐射状延伸生长与膨大,其平面呈菊花瓣状。试验发现,果皮的角质层、蜡质层的厚度对库尔勒香梨的腐烂率有显著影响,随着贮藏时间的延长,灌水量越多,果皮蜡质层、角质层的变化越稳定,果肉的石细胞越小,细胞排列越紧密。W4处理的库尔勒香梨果皮蜡质层、角质层在贮藏30和40 d时较厚,腐烂率较低。W5处理的果肉石细胞排列较为紧密,果肉细胞围绕石细胞紧密的排列,向外衍生成菊花瓣状,该结果与前人的研究结果相一致。

3.4 库尔勒香梨梨园常规滴灌灌水量与试验滴灌灌水量的比较

张景瑞等[33]基于AquaCrop模型提出库尔勒香梨梨园滴灌灌溉定额为7 200 m3/hm2时表现最优秀,刘洪波等[34]研究发现在7 500 m3/hm2滴灌灌水定额比较适宜库尔勒香梨梨园灌溉。试验研究发现W5处理,生长期滴灌灌水量为7 140 m3/hm2更适宜库尔勒香梨园的生产灌溉及果实贮藏品质的提高,与张景瑞[33]、刘洪波[34]等提出的7 200、7 500 m3/hm2分别节水0.83%和4%。

4 结论

W1(5 460 m3/hm2)处理果实不耐贮藏,在贮藏40 d时全部腐烂;W5(7 140 m3/hm2)处理的果实贮藏品质最好,贮藏40 d时,果皮可溶性蛋白质含量最高,为2.37 mg/g,果皮VC含量最高,为2.36 mg/100g,果肉可溶性糖含量最高,为11.6%,主成分分析综合评价排名第一。W5(7 140 m3/hm2)滴灌灌水量下库尔勒香梨果实长期贮藏40 d品质最好。滴灌灌水量过少时不利于库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的提高。

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【目的】 探究褪黑素（Melatonine,MT）处理对梨果实采后黑斑病及贮藏品质的影响,为外源物质调控果实抗采后病害及贮藏品质提供理论依据和参考。【方法】 以&#x02018;翠冠&#x02019;梨果实为试验材料,喷施0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT溶液置室温,48 h后沿梨果实赤道两侧刺直径1 mm、深度3 mm大小两个小孔,待伤口晾干后注入20 &#x000b5;L浓度为1.0&#x000D7;10<sup>6</sup> spores/mL黑斑病菌（Alternaria alternata）孢子悬浮液,以无菌水处理作为对照。接种后果实置于25℃,分析梨果实病斑直径、诱导效果及过氧化氢酶（PpCAT）、过氧化物酶（PpPOD）、多酚氧化酶（PpPPO）、铜-锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu-ZnSOD）等防御酶相关基因和几丁质酶（PpCHI）、&#x003b2;-1, 3葡聚糖酶（PpGLU）等病程相关基因的表达量,研究MT诱导梨果实抗黑斑病的效应和机理。此外,梨果实喷施0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT溶液晾干后于（5&#x000b1;1）℃、相对湿度85%&#x02014;90%贮藏42 d,以无菌水处理为对照,定期测定果实腐烂率、失重率、呼吸强度、硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、总酚和丙二醛含量,从而探讨MT处理对梨果实贮藏效果和品质的影响。【结果】 梨果实接种A. alternata后,病斑直径随接种时间延长而逐渐增大,MT处理组果实病斑直径显著小于对照组（PPpCAT、PpPOD、PpPPO、Cu-ZnSOD、PpCHI和PpGLU相对表达量在接种后第4&#x02014;7天均显著高于对照,最大值分别为对照的1.35、2.08、2.28、2.02、2.89和3.45倍,其中PpPOD、PpPPO和PpCHI在接种后第1&#x02014;6天表达量持续上升,且MT处理可显著提高表达量,表明MT处理诱导梨果实抗黑斑病可能与其提高防御酶基因和病程相关蛋白基因表达密切相关。在低温贮藏期间,MT处理组果实腐烂率与对照组差异不显著,或因病原菌在低温下生长受到抑制,果实腐烂降低;梨果实硬度在贮藏期内逐渐下降,但MT处理组果实硬度均高于对照组,在28 d时差异显著,MT处理组为对照组的1.06倍;梨果实呼吸强度在贮藏前期（7&#x02014;14 d）上升后下降,但与对照组相比,MT处理抑制果实呼吸强度,延缓果实衰老的效果在贮藏前期较后期更明显;此外,MT处理也可显著降低果实失重率,维持较高水平的可溶性固形物,延缓可滴定酸和维生素C降解,同时促进果实总酚含量积累,增强果实抗氧化能力,抑制MDA含量积累,减轻细胞膜脂过氧化伤害。以上结果揭示MT可能通过调节梨果实糖、酸和细胞壁代谢,从而增强果实品质与耐贮性。【结论】 0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT处理诱导了梨果实对采后黑斑病的抗性,激发了果实防御酶和病程相关蛋白基因的表达,且能显著提高梨果实贮藏品质。

XIANG Miaolian, WU Fan, LI Shucheng, et al.

Effects of melatonin treatment on resistance to black spot and postharvest storage quality of pear fruit

[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 785-795.

DOI      [本文引用: 1]

<p id="C7">【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the effects of melatonine (MT) treatment on postharvest black spot disease and storage quality of pear fruit, so as to provide the theoretical basis and reference for exogenous substances regulating postharvest disease and storage quality of pear fruit. 【Method】 &#x02018;Cuiguan&#x02019; pears were used as the experimental material, which were sprayed with 0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT solution and then kept at room temperature for 48 h. The treated fruits were inoculated with two 1 mm diameter &#x000D7; 3 mm depth small holes along both sides of the fruit equator. Twenty &#x000b5;L<i> Alternaria alternata</i> spore suspension with 1.0&#x000D7;10<sup>6</sup> spores/mL were injected into the two holes, and the sterile water treatment was used as control. The fruit was placed at 25℃ after inoculation, and then the lesion diameters and induced effects as well as the genes expression of defense enzymes, such as catalase (<i>PpCAT</i>), peroxidase (<i>PpPOD</i>), polyphenol oxidase (<i>PpPPO</i>), and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (<i>Cu-ZnSOD</i>), and pathogenesis-related protein including chitinase (<i>PpCHI</i>) and <i>&#x003b2;</i>-1,3 glucanase (<i>PpGLU</i>), were analysed to demonstrate the effect and mechanism of MT-induced pear fruit against black spot disease. In addition, the pear fruits were sprayed with 0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT solution, and then stored at (5&#x000b1;1)℃, 85%-90% relative humidity for 42 d. The sterile water treatment was used as the control. The decay rate, weight loss rate, respiration rate, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C, total phenols and malondialdehyde contents were measured at fixed period, and the effect of MT treatment on the storage effect and quality of pear fruit were discussed. 【Result】 The lesion diameters of pear fruits inoculated with <i>A. alternata</i> gradually increased with the time, while the lesion diameters under MT treatment was significantly smaller than those under the control (<i>P</i><0.05). The MT-induced resistance effects on pear fruits black spot were 29.16%, 45.03% and 23.26% on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day, respectively. The relative expression levels of <i>PpCAT</i>, <i>PpPOD</i>,<i> PpPPO</i>, <i>Cu-ZnSOD</i>,<i> PpCHI</i> and <i>PpGLU </i>in MT-treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group during 4-7 days post inoculation (dpi), and the maximum values of them were 1.35, 2.08, 2.28, 2.02, 2.89 and 3.45 times of control fruits, respectively. The induced expression of <i>PpPOD</i>, <i>PpPPO </i>and<i> PpCHI</i> indicated that MT treatment inducing resistance of pear fruit to black spot disease possible depended on these defense enzyme and pathogenesis-related proteins. For the low temperature storage, the fruit decay rate was not significantly different between MT treatment group and control group, which was probably caused by the inhibition growth of pathogen under low temperature. All of fruit firmness gradually decreased during storage, while the fruit firmness under MT treatment was higher than that under the control with 1.06 times of significant difference at 28 d. Furthermore, the fruit respiration rate increased in the early storage stage (7-14 d) and decreased in the later stage. In comparison with the control group, the effects of MT treatment inhibiting fruit respiration and delaying fruit senescence were more significantly in the early storage stage than in the later stage. In addition, MT treatment also significantly reduced the fruit weight loss rate, maintained the high levels of total soluble solids, and delayed the degradation of titratable acid and vitamin C. Also, it promoted the accumulation of total phenolic content, enhanced the fruit antioxidant capacity, inhibited the accumulation of MDA content, and reduced the damage of cell membrane lipid peroxidation. The above results indicated that MT might enhance fruit quality and storage resistance by regulating fruit sugar, acid, and cell wall metabolism. 【Conclusion】0.1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MT treatment induced the resistance of pear fruit to black spot, stimulated the relative expression of defense enzymes and pathogenesis-related protein coded-genes, and finally improved the storage quality of pear fruit.</p>

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DOI      [本文引用: 1]

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DOI      [本文引用: 1]

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DOI      [本文引用: 1]

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