【目的】明确大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）弱致病力菌株Vd171对棉花黄萎病的诱导免疫效果及作用机制, 为探索棉花黄萎病生物防治新途径提供依据。【方法】以大丽轮枝菌弱致病力菌株Vd171为研究对象，温室苗期评估不同接种方法、接种时期、接种次数及接种体类型的诱导免疫效果；不同接种方法包括蘸根、灌根、茎部针刺、叶面喷雾和浸种，均采用Vd171分生孢子悬浮液（1×10⁷个分生孢子/mL），蘸根、灌根和叶面喷雾为每钵10 mL，茎部针刺为每株0.2 mL，浸种时间为12 h；不同接种时期试验设置接种棉花黄萎病菌强致病力菌株Vd080前2、4、6、8 d及之后的1、2、4 d接种Vd171共7个处理；接种次数试验设置接种Vd080前接种Vd171 一次和两次；接种体类型采用Vd171的分生孢子悬浮液和查氏培养滤液。采用水培方法培育棉苗，先接种Vd171，4 d后接种Vd080GFP，不同时间取根组织，振荡冲洗Vd080GFP分生孢子，显微镜下计数，测定弱致病力菌株免疫后病原菌在棉苗根部的定殖量；接种Vd080GFP后第7天，PDA平板上分离棉苗下胚轴切段，检测病原菌在植株体内的扩展速度。取接种Vd171后不同时段的棉苗，采用qPCR方法检测植株内防御相关酶基因4CL、CHI、POD、PPO和PAL的表达量；测定POD、PPO、PAL和CHI的活性变化。将棉苗茎部做切片，用间苯三酚染色，显微镜下观察茎部维管束木质化情况；将棉苗叶片用DAB染色，观察叶片活性氧爆发情况。【结果】在接种大丽轮枝菌强致病力菌株Vd080前4 d接种Vd171，棉株的免疫效果最好，防治效果达到89.4%；几种接种方法相比较，以蘸根防治效果最好，为70.0%，其次是叶面喷雾，为54.3%，浸种和灌根分别为45.0%和39.0%，而针刺效果最差，为2.2%；接种Vd171一次和两次对棉株均具有较好的免疫效果，其防治效果分别为85.6%和81.4%；先接种分生孢子、培养滤液对棉株均具有较好的免疫效果，其防治效果分别为85.6%和81.1%；先接种Vd171能阻止Vd080在棉花根部的定殖和在植株体内的扩展；Vd171能显著诱导棉苗防御相关基因PAL、4CL和CHI的表达，其中，GhPAL、Gh4CL和GhCHI变化最大，分别为对照处理的2.2、8.5和2.6倍，均显著或极显著高于对照；经Vd171诱导的棉苗下胚轴中PPO、PAL、POD和CHI酶活性均极显著高于对照，分别较对照提高31.9%、131.0%、57.1%和102.1%，子叶中PAL、CHI和POD酶活性也显著高于对照，分别较对照提高22.1%、39.6%和7.1%，PPO酶活性与对照无显著差异；先接种Vd171诱导了细胞木质化和活性氧的爆发。【结论】大丽轮枝菌弱致病力菌株Vd171可以有效地诱导棉花对黄萎病产生抗性，在棉花黄萎病防治上具有较好的应用前景。

【Objective】&nbsp;<span>The objective of this study is to clarify the induced immunity effect and mechanism of the weak pathogenicity isolate of <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> Vd171 against Verticillium wilt in cotton, and to provide a basis for exploring new ways of biological control of Verticillium wilt in cotton. </span>【Method】 The weak pathogenicity isolate of <em>V. dahlia</em> Vd171 was used to evaluate the induced immune effects of different inoculation methods, inoculation periods, inoculation times and inoculum types in greenhouse. Different inoculation methods included root-dipping, root-irrigation, <span>stem-injection, foliar-spraying and seed-soaking by Vd171 spore suspension with 1&times;10⁷ conidia/mL. Ten mL spore suspension for each pot was used in root-dipping, root-irrigation and foliar-spraying and 0.2 mL for each plant in stem-injection. The seeds were soaked for 12 h with spore suspension. Seven treatments were set to confirm the inoculation periods of Vd171 which including 2, 4, 6, 8 days before inoculated Vd080 (a high pathogenicity isolate of <em>V. dahliae</em>) and 1, 2, 4 days after inoculated Vd080. The inoculation times of Vd171 was one or two times before inoculated Vd080. The inoculum types included spore suspension and filtrate of Czapek of Vd171. The cotton seedlings were cultivated by hydroponics and inoculated by Vd080_GFP 4 days after Vd171. Then the roots were collected in different times and the spores of Vd080_GFP were washed in sterile water. The colonization of Vd080_GFP&nbsp;on cotton rootwas analyzed by counting the spores of Vd080_GFPunder microscope. Furthermore, in order to analyze the extension of Vd080 in cotton stem, the small hypocotyl pieces was cultivated on PDA plates at the 7th day after inoculated by Vd080_GFP. The transcript level of <em>4CL</em>, <em>CHI</em>, <em>POD</em>, <em>PPO</em> and <em>PAL</em> was analyzed by qPCR. The enzyme activity of POD, PPO, PAL and CHI was measured. The sedimentation of lignin </span>was observed by phloroglucinol staining and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) of leaves was observed by DAB staining. 【Result】 <span>The highest control efficacy was obtained when Vd171 was inoculated 4 days prior to inoculation by Vd080 (control efficacy of 89.4%). The control efficacy had significant differences among the five inoculation methods. Root-dipping treatment provided a control efficacy of 70.0%, followed by foliar-spraying (54.3%), seed-soaking (45.0%), root-irrigation (39.0%), and <span>stem-injection (2.2%). There was no statistical significant difference between the control efficacy against Vd080 of pre-inoculated by Vd171 for one and two times (85.6% and 81.4%). Particularly, both cotton pre-inoculated with conidiospore and culture filtrate of Vd171 treatments could reduce disease indices of Verticillium wilt, with the control efficacy of 85.6% and 81.1%. There was no significant difference between the two treatments. Cotton plants pre-inoculated with Vd171 could reduce the colonization of Vd080 in cotton root and</span></span> prevent its <span>expansion in cotton stem. In addition, the transcript level of <em>GhPAL</em>, <em>Gh4CL</em> and <em>GhCHI</em> increased significantly</span> by induction of Vd171, which was 2.2, 8.5 and 2.6 times of the control treatment, respectively. The activity of PPO, PAL, POD and CHI in hypocotyl increased by 31.9%, 131.0%, 57.1% and 102.1% than that of control treatment, respectively, and activity of PAL, CHI and POD in cotyledon also remarkably increased by 22.1%, 39.6% and 7.1% than that of control treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, sedimentation of lignin and ROS were induced by Vd171.【Conclusion】 The weak virulent isolate Vd171 can effectively induce cotton resistant to Verticillium wilt and has a good application prospect in the control of Verticillium wilt in cotton.

[目的]研究木霉菌厚垣孢子在土壤中的定殖动态和木霉菌对土壤微生物数量的影响,以及田间情况下木霉菌对棉花黄萎病的防治效果.[方法]按常规的稀释分离平皿菌落计数法,测定细菌、放线菌、真菌和木霉菌的活菌数量,并做田间防治效果的调查.[结果]木霉菌在土壤中的存活数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,到60d时处理比对照分别高1.77和2.18倍;木霉菌施入使土壤中细菌数量缓慢上升但低于对照,真菌数量较对照相比明显下降,而放线菌数量比对照分别高37.44;和58.46;;木霉菌厚垣孢子制剂的两种浓度处理对棉花黄萎病防效达到43.19;和57.81;.[结论]木霉菌能影响土壤中微生物数量并对棉花黄萎病有一定的防效和增产作用.

【目的】研究新型复合微生物肥对棉花生长与产量的影响,能够为棉田复合微生物肥的精准施用提供科学理论依据。【方法】施用不同浓度复合微生物肥后,测定棉花生长和产量指标,并对相关指标数据进行相关性分析和主成分分析。【结果】施用复合微生物肥能够使植株高度增加4.0%~9.2%,果枝数增加2.3%-9.6%,结铃数增加3.5%~6.9%,单铃重和皮棉产量最高增幅分别达5.0%和16.6%。棉花株高、果枝数和单株铃数分别与皮棉产量呈显著正相关,不同处理对各项分析指标促进效果的综合得分排名依次为T₃＞T₂＞T₄＞T₁＞CK。【结论】施用复合微生物肥能够显著增加棉花株高、果枝数、单株铃数、单铃重和皮棉产量。当施用复合微生物肥浓度为450 kg/hm²时,对棉花生长和产量的综合促进效果最佳。

<b>【Objective】</b> Xinjiang cotton area is the largest production base of cotton in China, but continuous cropping and massive application of chemical fertilizers in most areas has led to the decline of soil tillage and fertilizer use efficiency in cotton fields, and seriously threatened the sustainable development of cotton industry. This project aims to study the effect of new compound microbial fertilizer on cotton growth and yield in the hope of providing scientific theoretical basis for the accurate application of compound microbial fertilizer in cotton field.<b>【Methods】</b> Growth and yield of cotton were determined after applying different concentrations of compound microbial fertilizer, and the data were analyzed by correlation analysis and principal component analysis.<b>【Results】</b> The results of the determination of cotton growth and yield under different treatments showed that the application of compound microbial fertilizer could increase plant height by 4.0%-9.2%, the number of fruit branches by 2.3%-9.6%, the number of bolls by 3.5%-6.9%, and the maximum increase of boll weight and lint yield by 5.0% and 16.6%, respectively. The results of correlation analysis and principal component analysis of cotton growth and yield showed that lint yield was positively correlated with plant height, root length, fruit branch number, boll number per plant, boll weight per plant and lint percentage, respectively. The comprehensive scores of different treatments on the effect of each analysis index were ranked as follows: T₃＞T₂＞T₄＞T₁＞CK.<b>【Conclusion】</b> The application of compound microbial fertilizer can significantly increase cotton plant height, fruit branch number, single boll number, single boll weight and lint yield. If the concentration of compound microbial fertilizer is 450 kg/hm², the comprehensive promotion effect on cotton growth and yield is the best.

为了明确种苗处理对麦冬生长的影响及其控病效果,指导麦冬优质安全生产。以川麦冬为供试材料,采用田间小区试验,研究了6种药剂3种种苗处理方式对麦冬种苗成活、生长和产量的影响,以及对炭疽病、根腐病的控病效果。结果表明木霉T23制剂、多抗霉素和噁霉灵处理种苗,可显著提高麦冬种苗成活率,促进麦冬分蘖、增加块根数、使块根伸长增粗,提高麦冬产量10%以上。对麦冬炭疽病以叶面喷施多抗霉素、噁霉灵的效果较好,防治效果分别为60.17%和58.25%;对麦冬根腐病以木霉T23、多抗霉素浸苗,或以噁霉灵、木霉T23灌根的效果均较好,其防治效果分别为70.06%、65.17%、72.87%和70.14%。综上,木霉23制剂、多抗霉素和噁霉灵处理种苗,可有效控制炭疽病、根腐病为害,促进麦冬生长,提高麦冬产量,在麦冬生产上具有良好的应用前景。

The aim is to clarify the effect of seedling treatment on the growth of Ophiopogon japonicus and its disease control efficacy, and guide the high quality and safety production of O. japonicus. O. japonicus in Sichuan was used as material, and the effects of six fungicides and three seedling treatments on seedling survival, growth and yield of O. japonicus, and the disease control against anthracnose and root rot disease were studied. The results showed that after treated with trichoderma T23, polyoxin and hymexazol, the seedling survival rate of O. japonicus was significantly improved, meanwhile the number of tillers and root tubers increased, and the root tubers were longer and thicker, and the yield increased by more than 10%. The control effect against anthracnose by foliar spraying with polyoxin and hymexazol was 60.17% and 58.25%, respectively, which were superior to those of other treatments. The control efficacy against root rot disease by seedling dipping with Trichoderma T23 and polyoxin or root irrigating with hymexazol and Trichoderma T23 was 70.06%, 65.17%, 72.87% and 70.14%, respectively, which were superior to those of other treatments. In conclusion, seedling treatment with trichoderma T23, polyoxin and hymexazol could effectively control anthracnose and root rot disease, and promote the growth and yield of O. japonicus, showing good application prospects.

【目的】研究3种生防制剂对棉花红腐病和立枯病的防效,促进生防制剂的应用推广。【方法】针对棉花苗期病害选择3种生防制剂,通过毒力测定,制剂用量优化及室内和田间防病试验,对比分析其用于种子处理后的防病增产效果。【结果】3种制剂对棉花立枯病菌和红腐病的毒力由大到小分别为80%乙蒜素、100×10⁸/g枯草芽孢杆菌 、24%植物免疫增产蛋白 ;3种制剂用于种子处理时的适宜稀释倍数为300~500倍;80%乙蒜素对两病均有较高的单一防效和兼防效果,100×10⁸/g枯草芽孢杆菌次之,24%植物免疫增产蛋白对两病的防效明显较低。80%乙蒜素拌种有62%~65%防效及11%的直接增产效益,100×10⁸/g枯草芽孢杆菌有54%~58%防效及近10%直接增产效益;24%植物免疫增产蛋白有36%~40%的防效及10.4%直接增产效益。【结论】3种生防制剂对棉花苗期立枯病和红腐病均有一定的防病增产效果,其中80%乙蒜素最佳,100×10⁸/g枯草芽孢杆菌次之;24%植物免疫增产蛋白防效较低但有一定的增产效果。

【Objective】 To promote the application and popularization of biological agents and reinforce the research in reducing the chemical pesticides and increasing the application efficiency.【Method】 In this study, three kinds of biological control agents were selected for cotton seedling diseases. The effects of the agents were compared and analyzed by toxicity test, dosage optimization and laboratory and field disease control tests.【Results】 The results of laboratory experiments showed the three pesticides that had effects on damping off and red rot varies from large to small were: 80% Ethylicin, 10 billion/g Bacillus subtilis, and 24% plant immune stimulation protein. The suitable dilution ratio of the three agents for seed treatment was 300 times to 500 times, 80% of allicin had a high single and combined protective effect on both diseases, and followed by 10 billion/g Bacillus subtilis, and 24% plant immune stimulation protein had significantly lower control efficiency on both diseases. Field control efficiency and benefits analysis showed that: 80% Ethylicin mixed seed had 62%-65% control efficiency and about 11% direct stimulation benefit, 10 billion/g Bacillus subtilis had 54%-58% control efficiency and about 10% direct stimulation benefit; 24% plant immune stimulation protein had 36 ~ 40% control efficiency and about 10.4% direct stimulation benefit.【Conclusion】 The three kinds of biocontrol pesticides were effective in preventing damping off and red rot in cotton seedling, 80% of which were the best, followed by 10 billion / g Bacillus subtilis. The control effect of 24% plant immune stimulation protein is low but it has a certain effect in increasing the yield.

试验旨在研究外源谷胱甘肽增强玉米幼苗防御低温胁迫的效应。选取生产上大面积推广的‘郑单958’品种为试验材料,采用土培法,设置6组处理,分别为CK、LT、G1、G2、G3、G4,每个处理3次重复。将培养至三叶一心的玉米幼苗分别进行叶面喷施3天后,在人工气候箱中采用10℃低温胁迫,并对玉米幼苗生长及相关生理指标进行分析。结果表明,喷施外源谷胱甘肽能够显著减轻低温胁迫对玉米幼苗苗高、叶片含水量及叶绿素含量的影响。低温胁迫5天后,谷胱甘肽通过增强过氧化物酶活性缓解低温胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,G3与LT处理存在明显差异,提高了79.25%;在低温天数的增加下,玉米叶片细胞内可溶性糖及丙二醛含量逐渐升高,胁迫7天后,LT处理与胁迫后第5天相比,可溶性糖及丙二醛含量分别增加了106.97%、25.33%。综合来看,外源谷胱甘肽能提高低温胁迫下玉米的生长能力,主要通过提高抗氧化酶和光合调控能力,保持细胞渗透平衡。

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of exogenous glutathione on enhancing the defense of corn seedlings against low temperature stress. The maize variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ was used as material in this study. Soil culture method was carried out with six treatments (CK, LT, G1, G2, G3 and G4), and each treatment was repeated three times. The maize seedlings with three leaves had leaf-spray for 3 days, and then transferred to artificial climate box with 10℃ low temperature stress. The growth traits of maize seedlings and the related physiological indexes were analyzed. The results show that spraying exogenous glutathione could significantly reduce the effects of low temperature stress on maize seedling height, leaf water content and chlorophyll content. Glutathione could alleviate the oxidation damage of maize seedlings under low temperature stress through enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. There is ignificant difference between LT and G3 whose antioxidant enzyme activities are increased by 79.25%. With the increase of low temperature stress days, the contents of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde in maize leaves increase gradually. Compared with the fifth day after stress, the contents of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde on the seventh day are increased by 106.97% and 25.33%, respectively. Taken together, exogenous glutathione can improve the growth ability of maize under low temperature stress, mainly by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic regulation ability, and maintaining cell osmotic balance.

采用营养液培养方法，研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明：外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)，降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 &mu;mol&middot;L^-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下，外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性，降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性；添加250 &mu;mol&middot;L^-1 BSO处理下，外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性，降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环，并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫，从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.

By using solution culture method, this paper studied the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidants and antioxidases in the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) seedling roots under copper stress.Exogenous NO could affect the metabolic cycle of AsA-GSH in tomato roots under copper stress. Applying appropriate amount of exogenous NO increased the AsA and GSH contents, AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios, and decreased the DHA and GSSG contents in tomato roots under copper stress. With the addition of 100 micro mol L-1 of BSO, exogenous NO increased the AsA content, AsA/DHA ratio, and the AAO, MDHAR, and DHAR activities, and decreased the DHA, GSH, and GSSG contents and the APX and GR activities. When 250 micro mol L-1 of BSO was added, exogenous NO increased the contents of AsA, GSH, and GSSG, AsA/DHA ratio, and the activities of APX and GR, and decreased the DHA content and the AAO, DHAR and MDHAR activities. It was suggested that exogenous NO could affect the metabolic cycle of AsA-GSH in tomato roots under copper stress, and mitigate the damage of copper stress to tomato roots via regulating the AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios to alleviate oxidative stress.

目的 研究施用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对棉花立枯病和黄萎病的防效及其对产量和纤维品质的影响,为合理使用该药剂防治棉花立枯病和黄萎病提供依据。方法 采用田间试验,设置10×10 ⁸活芽孢/g、15×10 ⁸活芽孢/g和30×10 ⁸活芽孢/g 3个不同活芽孢数量的可湿性粉剂,按照药种比1∶10播前种子处理,评价不同处理对棉花立枯病和黄萎病的防效以及对产量和纤维品质的影响。 结果 3个处理均能降低立枯病的病株率、病情指数和死苗率,其中15×10 ⁸活芽孢/g处理效果最好,防效达44.31%,死苗率显著低于对照;15×10 ⁸和30×10 ⁸活芽孢/g处理对黄萎病的防治效果显著,病株率和病情指数显著低于对照,其中15×10 ⁸活芽孢/g处理防治效果高达70.71%;3个处理籽棉产量和铃重均有提高,其中15×10 ⁸和30×10 ⁸活芽孢/g处理的籽棉产量增产率分别达到20.1%和24.3%;各处理对衣分、籽指、单株铃数及纤维品质指标均没有明显影响。 结论 枯草芽孢杆菌拌种处理能减少死苗率,降低棉田立枯病、黄萎病的病株率和病情指数,提高铃重和籽棉产量,对棉花的纤维品质也无不利影响。其中以15×10 ⁸活芽孢/g处理防治病害效果最佳,能够明显提高产量,可用于防治棉花立枯病和黄萎病。

【Objective】 To identify the control effects of Bacillus subtilis on cotton damping-off and Verticillium wilt, and the effects on yield and fiber quality. 【Methods】 Three wet table powders with 1 billion live spores / g, 1.5 billion live spores / g and 3 billion live spores / g were set up through the field experiment, and the seeds were treated before sowing at 1:10 according to the seed ratio. The control effects of different treatments on damping-off and Verticillium wilt as well as their effects on yield and fiber quality were evaluated. 【Results】 The three treatments could reduce the diseased plant rate, disease index and seedling mortality rate of damping-off, 1.5 billion live spores / g had the best control effect, which was 44.31%. 1.5 billion and 3 billion live spores / g treatments had significant control effects on Verticillium wilt, and the diseased plant rate and disease index were significantly lower than that of the control. Among them, the control effect of 1.5 billion live spores / g treatment was as high as 70.71%. The seed cotton yield and boll weight of the three treatments were increased, and the seed cotton yield of 1.5 billion and 3 billion live spores / g treatments increased by 20.1% and 24.3% respectively; and there was no significant effect on lint percentage, seed index, boll number per plant and fiber quality index. 【Conclusion】 Bacillus subtilis seed dressing treatment can reduce the seedling death rate, the diseased plant rate and disease index, and also increase boll weight and seed cotton yield and has no adverse effect on the fiber quality of cotton. Among them, 1.5 billion live spores per gram treatment have the most significant control effect and can significantly increase the yield, so it can be recommended.