为探明分期施钾对不同质地土壤麦田冬小麦产量形成的调节作用, 本研究以高产冬小麦品种太麦198为试验材料, 在沙壤土(S)和粉壤土(F)两种土壤质地试验田上, 设置不施钾肥(K0)、钾肥全部底施(100%于播种期底施, K1)和分期施钾(50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施, K2) 3个处理。分析不同质地土壤条件下分期施钾对冬小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配及籽粒产量的影响, 结果表明, 土壤质地和施钾方式互作显著影响了小麦穗粒数、花后同化干物质量和籽粒产量。在两种质地土壤条件下, 施钾显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量, 且以K2处理产量最高。与K1处理相比, K2处理穗粒数及开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量、花后旗叶净光合速率、花后单茎干物质积累量和花后同化物向籽粒转运量均提高。在沙壤土条件下K2处理较K1处理两年度籽粒产量分别增加12.4%和10.4%, 在粉壤土条件下籽粒产量分别增加5.2%和5.4%, 说明在两种土壤质地条件下, 改钾肥全部底施为50%底施+50%拔节期追施均有显著增产作用, 但以沙壤土麦田小麦增产幅度较大。

To investigate the effects of potassium applying on the grain yield formation of winter wheat, the experiments were carried out on different soil textures with high-yield winter wheat variety Taimai 198. To analyze the effects of potassium application at different stages on winter wheat flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and grain yield under different soil texture conditions, two soil texture test fields [sandy loam (S) and silty loam (F)] and three treatments [no potassium fertilizer (K0), potassium fertilizer base application (100% applicating at sowing, K1), and split application (50% applicating at sowing stage + 50% topdressing at the jointing stage, K2)] was arranged. The results showed that the interaction of soil texture and potassium application significantly affected the grain number per spike and dry matter assimilated after anthesis and grain yield. Under the two soil texture conditions, potassium application significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat, and K2 treatment had the highest yield. Compared with K1 treatment, the grains number per ear, the SPAD and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves after anthesis, the accumulation of dry matter per stem after anthesis, and the transfer of assimilation to the grain after anthesis were increased under K2 treatment. Under sandy loam conditions, grain yield of K2 treatment was by 12.4% and 10.4% higher than that of K1 treatment, respectively. Under silt loam conditions, grain yield was by 5.2% and 5.4% higher than that of K1 treatment. Those results indicated that wheat yield was significantly increased by changing potassium fertilizer base application to 50% base application with 50% topdressing at jointing stage, and the wheat yield was higher in sandy loam field.

【目的】为解决黄淮海平原麦区冬小麦滴灌用水量和合理的水肥配合等问题，以山东省桓台县免耕农田为试验点，系统研究了滴灌施肥对土壤水分垂直运移、冬小麦产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率等的影响。【方法】采用测墒补灌和生育期滴灌施肥相结合的方法，以常规漫灌施肥处理为对照。设置65 mm（W1）、98 mm（W2）、130 mm（W3）、195 mm（W4）和260 mm（W5）5个滴灌梯度水平处理。在130 mm滴灌水平下，分别于冬小麦的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期5个生育时期设置相应的氮磷钾肥料配比，采用氮磷钾3个因素，每个因素4个水平的二次饱和D-最优设计方法进行田间试验。氮、磷、钾4个水平分别为：0水平（0、0、0），1水平（94.5、42.4、59.2 kg•hm-2），2水平（189、84.7、118.3 kg•hm-2）和3水平（270、121、169 kg•hm-2）。【结果】测墒补灌试验结果表明，W1、W3和W5处理滴灌后土壤水分主要向下运移至60、80和100 cm以下土层。滴灌量越大，土壤水分垂直运移深度越大。滴灌量260 mm时存在灌溉水深层渗漏的风险；W1处理在整个生育期土壤含水量明显低于其他滴灌处理，滴灌量130 mm以上的处理，整个生育期0—80 cm土层的含水量为田间持水量的75%—80%；滴灌施肥处理与常规漫灌施肥处理相比显著增加了冬小麦的有效穗数，不同滴灌处理中灌溉量与穗粒数呈正相关关系，与千粒重呈负相关关系；滴灌量130 mm时，小麦籽粒产量最高；滴灌显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率，并以W3处理最高，达2.28 kg•m-3；对滴灌施肥试验的拟合结果表明，试验区冬小麦最佳N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为206.63、86.72和88.07 kg•hm-2。【结论】在黄淮海平原地区免耕冬小麦采用测墒补灌和滴灌施肥相结合的方法可以显著提高水分利用效率和小麦籽粒产量，较常规对照分别提高了57.46%和21.13%。主要原因是滴灌后水分向下运移至作物根区内，减少了灌溉水深层渗漏的风险，促进了作物对随水施入肥料的吸收。合理的滴灌施肥配比下总体可节水51.85%，节约氮肥23.47%、磷肥28.33%和钾肥47.89%。

【Objective】On the issues of drip irrigation water consumption and rational application of water and fertilization in the winter wheat belt region of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, no-tillage fields were chosen as experimental sites located in Huantai, Shandong Province to carry out a systematic study on the effects of drip fertigation on soil moisture vertical migration, winter wheat grain yield and its components and water use efficiency (WUE).【Method】The study adopted the methods of irrigation recharge by measuring soil moisture and drip fertigation in the main growth period compared with conventional flood irrigation and fertilization treatment. Five drip irrigation level treatments including 65 mm (W1), 98mm (W2), 130 mm (W3), 195 mm (W4) and 260 mm (W5) were designed. The corresponding NPK ratio was set up at tillering stage, joining stage, booting stage, young flowering and filling stages of winter wheat under the 130mm of irrigation treatment level and 3 factors of NPK and 4 levels quadratic saturation D-optimization design were adopted for field experiment. The 4 levels of N, P, K were that “0 level” with 0, 0, 0, “1 level” with 94.5, 42.4 and 59.2 kg•hm-2, “2 level” with 189, 84.7 and 118.3 kg•hm-2, “3 level” with 270, 121 and 169 kg•hm-2.【Result】The results of experiment showed that the more drip irrigation amount is, the deeper soil moisture vertical migration will be, the soil moisture vertical migration of W1, W3 and W5 treatments moved to 60, 80 and 100 cm, and could get risk of water percolation while drip irrigation level achieved 260 mm. Soil moisture content of W1 treatment was obviously lower than others, 130 mm and above drip irrigation treatment made soil moisture content at 0-80 cm soil layers over 75%-80% of the field moisture capacity during the growth period. Compared with conventional flood irrigation and fertilization treatment, the drip fertigation significantly increased the effective panicles of winter wheat. The drip irrigation amount had a positive correlation with grain number per spike and a negative correlation with 1000-grain weight in different drip irrigation treatments. The grain yield was the highest when irrigation amount was 130 mm. Drip irrigation apparently increased water use efficiency (WUE) and with the highest of W3 treatment that was 2.28 kg•m-3. Experimental fitting results indicated that the optimal fertilizer amount of N, P2O5 and K2O in pilot area was 206.63, 86.72 and 88.07 kg•hm-2. 【Conclusion】It was concluded that the winter wheat in no-tillage fields by irrigation recharge by measuring soil moisture and drip fertigation significantly increased, WUE and yield by 57.46% and 21.13% in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, respectively, compared with conventional treatment. The main reason was that the water moved to crop roots area after drip irrigation that could reduce the risk of water percolation and promote fertilizer-absorbing with water. The rational ratio of drip fertigation could totally make water saving by 51.85%, N, P, K fertilizer saving, respectively, by 23.47%, 28.33% and 47.89%.

为了阐明覆膜滴灌棉田地膜残留对棉花生长的影响,结合绿洲覆膜滴灌棉田残膜累积特点,设计对应覆膜年限为5 a、10 a、15 a、20 a、25 a、30 a共6个不同残膜累积梯度,利用桶栽试验,分析了不同覆膜年限棉田中残膜累积对棉花生长和产量的影响。结果表明：残膜对棉花地上部株高和叶面积影响显著,随残膜量的增加株高和叶面积逐渐降低,当覆膜滴灌20 a时各时期株高和叶面积均显著减小。覆膜滴灌20 a时残膜量的增加开始显著降低棉花地下部根系指标,与CK相比,覆膜滴灌20 a的根长密度降低8.2%,根表面积密度降低10%,根体积降低7.2%,根系直径降低19.4%。残膜量与棉花干物质积累量和产量呈显著负相关,覆膜滴灌20 a后相比于CK,地上部干物质量降低20.3%,根部干物质量降低38.4%;棉花产量相比新疆近5 a地区平均单位面积产量降低10.96%。残膜量的增加对棉花的正常生长影响显著,当覆膜滴灌年限达到15~20 a时,棉花的生长与根系指标和产量显著降低。研究结果可为新疆滴灌棉田可持续发展提供理论依据。

To clarify the influence of film residue on cotton growth in a field with film mulching under drip irrigation, we assessed the characteristics of residual film accumulation in an oasis drip irrigation cotton field. The design corresponds to 5 a, 10 a, 15 a, 20 a, 25 a, 30 a; a gradient of six residual film accumulations using a barrel-planting experiment. We analyzed the influence of residual film accumulation in cotton fields with different mulching years on cotton growth and yield. The residual film significantly affected cotton plant height and leaf area, which gradually decreased as the residual film amount increased. The plant height and leaf area were significantly reduced at each stage when the film was covered with drip irrigation for 20 years. Additionally, increases in the amount of residual film in drip irrigation for 20 years significantly reduced the cotton root index. Compared with the control treatment without residual film, the root length density in drip irrigation 20 a was reduced by 8.2%, the root surface area density was reduced by 10%, the root volume was reduced by 7.2%, and the root diameter decreased by 19.4%. The amount of residual film was significantly negatively correlated with cotton dry matter accumulation and yield. After 15 years of drip irrigation with film mulching, the cotton yield was lower than the average yield per unit area in Xinjiang in the past five years. After 20 years of drip irrigation with film mulching, the above-ground dry matter quality decreased by 20.3%, the root dry matter quality was reduced by 38.4%, and the output was 10.96% lower than the average output per unit area in Xinjiang in the past five years. In summary, increased amounts of residual film significantly impact the normal growth of cotton. When drip irrigation with film mulching continues for 15-20 years, yield, growth, and root indices of cotton are significantly reduced. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of drip irrigation cotton fields in Xinjiang.

地膜覆盖技术的应用为我国棉花产量提升做出重大贡献。但随着聚乙烯地膜的长期使用,土壤残膜污染问题日益突出,影响棉田土壤环境和棉花可持续发展。综述了我国棉田地膜残留现状、分布特征及其对棉花生长的危害,从土壤结构变化、水分迁移状况、有害物质释放、土壤物质代谢、微生物种群结构等方面系统总结了棉田残膜污染的危害机制,归纳了现阶段我国棉田残膜污染防控技术的研究进展及优势与不足,并对残膜污染防控策略及发展趋势进行了展望,为我国棉田残膜污染治理技术的研究提供科学参考。

旨在为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据。在池栽条件下，研究了不同土壤肥力和灌水量组合对中筋小麦‘济麦22’和强筋小麦‘济麦20’旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数及产量构成的影响。2种小麦开花后各生育时期旗叶的光合速率Pn 值、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm 值（PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量）和ФPSⅡ 值（PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量）均随着土壤肥力和灌水量的增加而提高，但土壤肥力因素对上述光合特性指标的影响大于灌水方式因素。随着土壤肥力的提高，Pn 和ФPSⅡ 开始下降的时间逐渐向后延迟，提高土壤肥力有利于减轻环境胁迫对光合的抑制作用。对于2 种小麦的产量和产量构成的影响，土壤肥力和灌水方式之间具有补偿效应。在土壤肥力较高的条件下，2 种小麦限量灌溉和充分灌溉之间产量差异并不显著。培肥地力可以减缓小麦灌水不足导致的光合性能指标的下降，维持生育后期较高的光合产物积累水平。

The aim is to provide a basis for water saving and high yield cultivation of wheat. In the condition of pond culture, the effects of different combinations of soil fertility and irrigation on the photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield of medium-gluten wheat‘Jimai 22’and strong-gluten wheat ‘Jimai20’were studied. The results showed that Pn, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm (the maximum photochemical efficiency) andФ PSⅡ (actual photochemical efficiency) of flag leaf after anthesis were promoted with the increase of soil fertility and irrigation amount. The effect of fertility on photosynthetic characteristics was more significant than that of irrigation. With the increase of soil fertility, the starting time of Pn and ФPS Ⅱ declining delayed gradually. The improvement of soil fertility was useful to reduce the inhibition of photosynthesis by environmental stress. There was a compensation effect between soil fertility and irrigation for the influence on the yield and yield composition of the two wheat cultivars. Under high soil fertility, the yield differences of the two wheat cultivars were not significant between limited irrigation and fullirrigation conditions.Improving soil fertility could relief the declining photosynthetic character index due to insufficient irrigation, and sustain a higher level of photosynthetic product accumulation at later growth stage.