世界许多干旱、半干旱地区草地生态系统逐渐被灌木生态系统取代，这种取代过程的发展是由灌木冠幅下土壤中“肥岛”的形成和灌木的扩散相互作用直接造成的，这种“肥岛”的形成和灌木的扩散之间的反馈作用能够改变该系统中的植被组成、结构和土壤养分分布格局，从而改变该生态系统的结构和功能，文中从“肥岛”的概念和形成机制出发，对“肥岛”现象形成的原因、“肥岛”现象的研究意义、研究方法、灌木扩散与“肥岛”之间的相互关系及生物对“肥岛”的响应进行了总结，并分析了“肥岛”研究中应注意的问题，希望为中国干旱、半干旱区域土地退化的成因和过程以及植被恢复的研究提供一些参考。

Due to the inclemency of climate and soil conditions and the intense disturbance of human beings, the soil resources heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems worldwide was gradually increased during the last century. The interaction between soil heterogeneity and shrubs induced the autogenic development of "fertile islands" and the increasing spread of shrubs in the grassland ecosystems. The development of "fertile islands" around individual shrubs could change the vegetation composition and structure, as well as the distribution patterns of soil resources, and thus, reinforced the changes of the ecosystem function and structure from a relative stable grassland ecosystem to a quasi-stable shrubland ecosystem. The study of "fertile islands" phenomenon would help us to understand the causes, consequences and processes of desertification in arid and semi-arid areas. In this paper, the causes of "fertile islands", its study methods and significance and its relationship with shrub spreading as well as the responses of vegetation to it were summarized. The problems which might occur in the study of this phenomenon were also pointed out. Our aim was to offer some references to the study of land desertification processes and vegetation restoration in the arid and semi-arid regions.

根灌技术直接把水分灌溉到一定深度的植物根系土壤层,是一项新的节水灌溉技术;在塔里木沙漠公路防护林带灌溉中,首次开展了根灌对土壤水分作用与影响的节水试验研究,并与传统的沙漠公路防护林带滴灌技术进行对比。研究结果表明,根灌技术比滴灌技术更加节水,其主要优点表现在增加土壤含水量、增加土壤层的湿润深度、提高灌水效率、节省灌水时间等。而且,根灌技术能有效地抑制滴灌造成的地表土壤水分的蒸发损失、地表土壤的盐分积累。根灌技术比滴灌要节水30%以上,是一项更高效的节水灌溉技术。

<FONT face=Verdana>Root irrigation is an irrigation technique supplying water directly to a certain depth of soil layer where the plant root distributes, and it is a relatively new water-saving irrigation technique. Root irrigation water-saving experiment was first conducted in the protective forest belt along the Tarim Desert highway in this study. The effect of root irrigation on soil water content was investigated in the experiment and at the same time a comparative experiment with the drip irrigation technique, which was a predominant technique in the irrigation of the forest belt along the Tarim Desert highway, was made. The study results show that the root irrigation technique can save more water than drip irrigation technique does, and its advantages are mainly manifested in the significant increase in soil water content and soil moisture depth, the improvement of irrigation efficiency and the decrease of irrigation duration time. Root irrigation can also effectively reduce the evaporation loss of surface water and salt accumulation in surface soil layer caused by drip irrigation. Root irrigation technique is a more effective water-saving irrigation technique because it can save 30% or more irrigation water compared to drip irrigation technique.</FONT>

灌木是荒漠生态系统重要的组成部分,其生物量估算与分配特征是研究荒漠生态系统结构、功能、物质和能量流动的重要指标。但目前关于荒漠灌木生物量的研究仍较缺乏。破坏性的生物量估测方法不适宜在生态系统脆弱的荒漠地区大面积使用,因此通过模型法对灌木生物量进行多尺度估测具有重要意义。本研究以准噶尔荒漠生态系统建群种——梭梭为例,选择多种植物外部形态特征参数,利用相关生长模型(幂函数),分别在单株、样方及区域尺度对梭梭的地上(AGB)和地下生物量(BGB)进行建模和估算。结果表明,以植冠体积(CH)为指标的估测模型(AGB=0.3628×CH^0.9605)能较好地反映梭梭单株地上生物量累计特征,而单株地下生物量可通过模型BGB=0.8737×AGB^0.9394得到。样方内梭梭总冠幅面积(TC)是估测样方(0.1 hm²)总生物量(TAGB=0.6757×TC^1.1343, TBGB=0.6384×TC^1.0959)的有效参数。在大尺度上(区域),利用梭梭相对盖度(RC)估测其生物量密度(DAGB=0.0921×RC^1.1343, DBGB=0.0796×RC^1.0959)具有良好效果,进而结合区域面积得到梭梭总生物量。研究表明,相对盖度的方法从生物量密度的角度解决了尺度转换问题,使用时没有尺度限制。未来还可以通过航拍、遥感等手段快速获取相关区域梭梭群落相对盖度,结合上述模型准确估测其地上、地下生物量。

森林生物量计算是全球碳储量估算的基础,现已纳入全球国家森林清单项目。普遍的森林碳汇计量采用的材积源生物量法针对胸径5 cm以上的树木,幼树(胸径&lt;6 cm,树高&gt;0.3 m)的碳汇量并未被完整计入其中,导致生态系统碳汇能力被低估。基于青藏高原137株5种典型人工林幼树的实测生物量数据,以地径代替胸径作为预测变量,采用加权广义最小二乘法建立独立生物量模型,选择比例总量直接控制及代数和控制2种结构形式的相容性生物量模型,并通过加权非线性似乎不相关回归进行方程组估算,建立了整株及各组分的相容性生物量方程。结果表明: 二元相容性模型优于一元以及独立模型,对整株生物量来说,R²达到0.90～0.99,两种相容性模型对于不同树种来说各有优势但精度差距可以忽略,从林业生产实践角度考虑,比例总量直接控制生物量模型更有实践意义,从遥感技术的变量提取角度考虑,本研究构建了更适于遥感估算的幼树生物量模型,其整体上拟合精度高,可以准确地进行类似气候环境中的幼树整株和各组分生物量的估算。

Calculation of forest biomass is the basis for global carbon stock estimation, which has been included in national forest inventory projects. The volume-derived biomass method is generally used for trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 5 cm in most forest carbon sink measurement, which omits young trees (diameter at breast height &lt;6 cm, height &gt;0.3 m) and thus may underestimate ecosystem carbon sink capacity. Based on the biomass data of 137 young trees in five typical plantations on the Tibetan Plateau, independent biomass models were developed using the weighted generalized least squares method, with basic diameter as the predictor instead of DBH. Additive biomass models of controlling directly by proportion functions and controlling by the sum of equations were selected. Additive biomass models for the whole plant and each component were developed by applying weighted nonlinear seemingly uncorrelated regression. The results showed that the binary additive biomass model (<i>R</i>² reached 0.90-0.99) performed better than the monadic biomass models and independent biomass models for the estimation of total biomass. For different tree species, two forms of the additive models had their own advantages, with neglectable difference in accuracy. From the perspective of forestry production, models of controlling directly by proportion functions were more practical. From the perspective of predictors extraction by remote sensing technology, suitable young tree biomass models were developed for remote sensing estimation. In this study, the additive model had high overall fitting accuracy and could accurately estimate the whole plant and component biomass of young trees in similar climatic environments.

在调查植物样方的基础上,利用植株冠幅特征如冠幅长与宽、株高、基径、新生枝条数、总枝条数等作为变量建立了估算典型荒漠植物地上生物量的模型.利用植株冠幅长与宽所建拟合方程对估算琵琶柴灌丛生物量的精确度较高,经验证,预测值与实测值的相关系数为0.9989,相对误差在4.79%～10.12%之间.利用植株株高、基径所建拟合方程对估算梭梭、多枝柽柳生物量计算值与实测值的相关系数在0.9418以上,显著性检验表明相关系数均为极显著.经验证,预测值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.9902和0.9875,相对误差分别为6.87%～19.22%和7.49%～18.47%.研究表明,在大面积荒漠植物生物量研究中,利用植株冠幅特征作为变量来估算琵琶柴灌丛地上生物量方法简便可行,用来估算梭梭、多枝柽柳等灌木地上生物量时存在一定误差.

Based on the research of plant quadrate in Sangong River Basin in Xinjiang, the fitted equations were given, which could be used to estimate the aboveground biomass of typical desert plant by using the thicket characteristics such as length of crown diameter, width of crown diameter, number of basal branch, length of new branch, basal diameter (D) and plant height (H) as parameters. Using the length of crown diameter and the width of crown diameter as parameters, the fitted equation was set up and tested for estimating the aboveground biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Maxim. It had a relatively high accuracy and a fine linear relationship between the predicted values and measured values. Its coefficient and relative standard deviation was 0.9989 and 4.79%-10.12%, respectively. The results indicated that the fitted equation was easy and available for estimating the aboveground biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Maxim in large scale. The fitted equations were also set up and tested for estimating the aboveground biomass of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix ramosissima by using the basal diameter and height of plant as the parameters. The coefficients and relative standard deviations of these equations were 0.9902, 0.9875 and 6.87%-19.22%, 7.49%-18.47%, respectively. Therefore, estimating the biomass of Reaumuria soongorica in large scale through crown characteristics was available, and estimating the biomass of Halaxylon Ammodendron and Tamarix ramosissima through crown characteristics would produce certain error.

灌木生物量模型是预测灌木生物量最有效的方法。选择腾格里沙漠南缘荒漠生态系统中常见的4种灌木（驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)、红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)）为研究对象,以株高（H）和冠幅（C）的复合因子灌木体积（V）为自变量,通过回归分析,分别构建了4种灌木和混合物种的叶、新生枝、老龄枝、地上部分、地下部分和整株生物量的预测模型。通过决定系数（R2）、估计值的标准误（SEE）和回归检验显著水平（p＜0.05）筛选出了最优的生物量估测模型。结果显示:4种灌木的生物量模型主要以幂函数W=aVb为最优模型,少数以三次函数W=a+bV+cV2+dV3为最优模型。灌木生物量与V之间呈极显著的相关关系（p＜0.001）,决定系数较高,分别为:叶片（0.775＜R2＜0.866）,新生枝（0.694＜R2＜0.840）,老龄枝（0.819＜R2＜0.916）,地上部（0.832＜R2＜0.917）,地下部分（0.74＜R2＜0.808）,全株（0.811＜R2＜0.912）,说明预测模型可以应用于此4种灌木的生物量估算。不同物种之间及不同器官之间的生物量模型存在差异,在实际使用中,要根据物种来选择相应的模型。生物量模型的建立有助于全面估算荒漠生态系统的生物量,并进一步评估生态系统不同碳库的碳存储量与碳循环。为有效提高荒漠草地碳储量、合理实施生态系统管理和人为干预提供科学依据。

Biomass estimation modeling is one of the most important methods in biomass estimation of shrubs. In this paper, shrubs volume (V) was used as independent variable to establish the models between V and the leaf, current year branch, aging branch, above-ground, under-ground and total biomass for four single common shrubs and their mixed samples in desert area, respectively, at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, China. The optimal models were selected according to the largest determination coefficient (R2), the smallest standard error of estimate(SEE) and significance level (p＜0.05). Results showed that the optimal biomass models for all organs, above-ground, under-ground and the whole plant of single species and mixed species were mostly expressed by power functions (W=aVb), only a few can be expressed by cubic equations (W=a+bV+cV2+dV3). The p values of all models reached a significant level (p＜0.05) and R2 ranged between 0.69-0.92. Those models can be used to estimate actual biomass of shrubs due to their good effectiveness. However, there existed differences in optimal models among different species or organs. Models should be chosen according to the practical conditions in estimating biomass of shrubs. The effects of mixed models are lower than that of single species. The optimal biomass models are expected to contribute to estimate biomass and carbon storage of different carbon pools for desert ecosystems.

<p>Most desert soil management decisions are based on quantitative measu rements of the biomass of the dominant plant species. The biomass of the dominant plant species in a typical oasis_desert ecotone (ODE) of Minqin was measured in 82 plots (10 m&times;10 m). The results showed that the distribution and total cover was approximately 16.12%. Above and belowground biomass of five dominant desert species (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammoden dron, Agriophyllum squarrosum and Halogeton arachnoideu) was measured by excavation. Linear regressions were used to analyze the relationships among all the biomass components for each plant (fresh and dry weight of aboveand below_ground biomass) and the basal diameter, total height and canopy cover. Best fit models were constructed for each species using 80% of the data. Our results showed that basal diameter (excluding N. tangutorum) and canopy cover were the best predictors of biomass for all five desert plant species. A validation test using the other 20 % of the data not used for estimating the regression equations indicated that these equations made accurate predictions of desert plant species biomass.</p>