不同碳源物质输入对板结黏土特性及棉花苗期生长的影响
Effects of different carbon source inputs on the characteristics of compacted clay and the growth of cotton seedlings
通讯作者: 陈波浪(1979-),男,湖南汨罗人,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为养分资源高效利用,(E-mail)1506851236@qq.com
收稿日期: 2024-08-17
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Corresponding authors: CHEN Bolang(1979-),male,from Miluo,Hunan,professor,master's supervisor,research direction:high-efficiency nutrient resource utilization,(E-mail)1506851236@qq.com
Received: 2024-08-17
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作者简介 About authors
赵玉鹏(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为板结黏质土壤改良,(E-mail)1422289169@qq.com
【目的】研究不同碳源物质输入对板结黏土特性及棉花苗期生长的影响。【方法】通过采用大田试验的方法,设计对照组(CK)、农家肥(N组)、生物炭(T组)、生物菌肥(J组)、商品有机肥(J组)、矿源黄腐酸钾(H组),每组3个梯度处理,探讨5种碳源物质对黏质土壤理化性质和植株农艺性状的影响。【结果】(1)5种碳源物质输入对土壤容重和土壤孔隙度均有显著性影响,其中生物炭改良效果最显著。(2)5种碳源物质输入对各个粒径土壤团聚体均有一定的改良作用,1~2 mm土壤团聚体改良中T2处理效果最佳,N3处理对0.5~1 mm土壤团聚体改良效果最佳,J3处理对0.1~0.25 mm土壤团聚体改良效果最佳;相较CK分别增加了455.70%、504.01%、207.41%、65.55%和41.70%;(3)5种碳源物质输入可以显著提高棉花植株的株高和茎粗,对株高和茎粗的改良效果为N>T>S>J>H和S>J>T>N>H。(4)5种碳源物质对植株干鲜重均有显著性提高,在对棉花农艺性质的改良中农家肥效果最佳。【结论】不同碳源物质输入对黏质土壤的理化性质和植株农艺性状有益,并以农家肥推荐量+50%的添加量最佳。黏质土壤中添加碳源物质,通过调节土壤结构和生化机质,促进土壤团粒结构的形成,减轻板结对土壤的胁迫作用。
关键词:
【Objective】Soil compaction and caking can lead to a significant decrease in soil quality in agricultural farmland, and a serious lack of comprehensive agricultural production capacity. Carbon source materials may have the ability to improve the structure of clayey soil. 【Methods】By using field experiments, a control group (CK), farmyard fertilizer (N group), biochar (T group), biological bacterial fertilizer (B group), commercial organic fertilizer (J group), and mineral potassium humate (H group) were designed, with three gradient treatments in each group. The aim was to explore the effects of five carbon source substances on the physicochemical properties of clayey soil and plant agronomic traits. 【Results】(1) The input of five carbon source substances had a significant impact on soil bulk density and soil porosity, with biochar having the most significant improvement effect. (2) The input of five carbon source substances had a certain improvement effect on soil aggregates of various particle sizes. Among the 1-2 mm and 1mm soil aggregates, T2 treatment had the best improvement effect, N3 treatment had the best improvement effect on 0.5-1 mm soil aggregates, and J3 treatment has the best improvement effect on 0.1-0.25 mm soil aggregates; Compared to CK, it increased by 455.70%, 504.01%, 207.41%, 65.55%, and 41.70% respectively; (3) The input of five carbon source substances could significantly improve the plant height and stem diameter of cotton plants. In terms of the improvement effect on plant height and stem diameter, the pattern presented was N>T>S>J>H and S>J>T>N>H; (4) The five carbon source substances had a significant effect on improving the dry and fresh weight of plants, and the effect of farmyard fertilizer was the best in improving the agronomic properties of cotton. 【Conclusion】In the overall evaluation, different carbon source inputs are beneficial for the physicochemical properties and plant agronomic traits of clayey soil, and the recommended amount of farmyard fertilizer+50% is the best. In summary, adding carbon source substances to clay soil can promote the formation of soil aggregates and alleviate the stress of compaction on soil by regulating soil structure and biochemical organic matter.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
赵玉鹏, 陈波浪, 王治国, 付彦博, 扁青永.
ZHAO Yupeng, CHEN Bolang, WANG Zhiguo, FU Yanbo, BIAN Qingyong.
0 引言
【研究意义】土壤不仅是孕育食物的重要物质基础,而且对环境质量、动植物健康有重要影响[1
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 试验区概况
试验于新疆阿克苏地区库车市,阿克苏地区为典型暖温带大陆性干旱气候特征,降水少、降水量年季变化大,年降水量53.2~120.6 mm;年日照时数2 670~3 022 h,太阳的总辐射量为5 340~6 220 MJ/m2,光照充足,光热资源较丰富,气温年较差及昼夜温差大,无霜期长,全年为168~225 d,年平均气温7.9~13.7℃。表1
表1 土壤和供试材料基本理化性质
Tab.1
| 供试土壤 Soil for test (cm) | 有机质 Organic matter (g/kg) | 土壤含水率 Soil moisture content (%) | 土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g/cm3) | 水解性氮 Hydrolyzed nitrogen (mg/kg) | 有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg) | 速效钾 Rapidly available potassium (mg/kg) | 水溶性盐分 Water-soluble salt (g/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~15 | 11.3 | 0.16 | 1.50 | 105.2 | 16.4 | 235 | 11.4 |
| 15~30 | 11.7 | 0.14 | 1.55 | 86.7 | 21.1 | 226 | 13.2 |
1.1.2 肥料
供试材料分别为N:农家肥(腐熟牛粪),有机质含量为77.2%;T:生物炭,有机质含量为62%和25%腐植酸;J:生物菌肥,有机质含量为60%和2%海藻提取物;S:商品有机肥,有机质含量为50%;H:黄腐酸钾:有机质含量为70%和少量腐植酸。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 试验设计
试验地选择在阿克苏地区库车市墩阔坦镇,小区试验设计5个处理1个对照,每个处理分别为推荐量-50%(1)、推荐量(2)、推荐量+50%(3)3个梯度,每个试验小区规格为10 m×9 m,面积为90 m2,总共16个小区。
1.2.2 测定指标
1.2.2.1 土壤团聚体组成
于2023年5月20日(棉花苗期)在每个处理取0~30 cm土壤样品,每15 cm为1层,每个处理各层次均取3次重复。土壤团聚体采用湿筛法进行测定,将样品放置于孔径自上而下为2、1、0.5、0.25和0.1 mm的各级套筛之上,振荡筛分 5 min(30 次/min),最后将各级筛层团聚体洗入铝盒中,烘干称重,根据公式(1)计算所得各粒径团聚体质量百分比[22]。
式中,Ai为某粒级团聚体的质量百分数(%);Gi为该粒级团聚体的烘干质量(g);MT为团聚体总质量(g)。
1.2.2.2 土壤容重和孔隙度
于2023年5月20日(棉花苗期)在每个处理取0~30 cm土壤容重样品,每15 cm为1层,每个处理各层次均取3次重复,取样时间与团聚体取样时间相同。根据式(2)计算容重[23],式(3)为土壤总孔隙度的计算方法。
式中,pd 为某层土壤的容重(g/cm3);M 为质量(g);V 为单位体积(cm3)。
式中,土壤比重近似2.65 g/cm3。
1.2.2.3 棉花植株株高、茎粗以及干鲜重
于2023年5月20日棉花苗期时从每个处理中按照五点法每个点取3株棉花植株,然后将各部分样品带回室内,测量称取植株的株高和茎粗以及地上部和地下部的鲜重,于105℃杀青30 min后,70℃烘干至恒重,称量地上部和地下部的干重。
2 结果与分析
2.1 黏质土壤改良对土壤物理性质的影响
2.1.1 不同碳源物质输入对土壤容重的影响
研究表明,随着不同碳源物质的输入,各处理0~30 cm土壤容重均有显著降低趋势。农家肥、生物炭、生物菌肥、商品有机肥以及黄腐酸对于土壤结构改良有明显作用,且不同碳源物质对土壤结构改良效果不同。不同碳源物质以及不同梯度之间存在着差异性,其中N组和T组中的N2和T2处理对容重改良效果比较明显,而随着施用量的增加,N3和T3处理的容重反而增加,呈负相关关系。J组、S组以及H组的容重随着施用量的增加而降低,3种碳源物质对容重的改良效果与添加量呈正相关关系。生物炭对于土壤容重改良效果最佳,其中T2处理改良效果最佳,与CK处理相比,T2处理中0~15 cm容重降低了12.78%;15~30 cm容重降低了10.71%。其次为黄腐酸,黄腐酸中H3处理对土壤改良效果较佳,较之CK分别降低了11.11%和13.97%。生物菌肥和农家肥对于土壤容重改良效果相对较低,其中J3处理和N2处理改良效果相比与J1、J2、N1及N3处理较优,J3处理容重分别降低了9.49%和14.07%,N2处理容重分别降低了12.78%和10.71%,对土壤容重改良效果由优到差依次表现为T组>H组>S组>N组>J组。图1,表2~3
图1
图1
不同碳源物质下土壤容重的变化
注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同
Fig.1
Changes of different carbon source substances on soil bulk density
Notes:Different lowerease letters represent signifficant differdnces (P<0.05),the same as below
表2 0~30 cm土壤容重试验结果方差
Tab.2
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度df Degree of freedom df | 均方 Mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~15 cm容重 0-15cm Bulk density | N组 | 组间 | 0.016 | 2 | 0.008 | 12.633 | P <0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.004 | 6 | 0.001 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.020 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.006 | 2 | 0.003 | 10.513 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.002 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.008 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 0.006 | 2 | 0.003 | 20.523 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.007 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.002 | 21.563 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.006 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.003 | 14.119 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.002 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.007 | 8 | |||||
| 15~30 cm容重 15-30 cm Bulk density | N组 | 组间 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.001 | 10.102 | P <0.05 |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.001 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.001 | 5.180 | P <0.05 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.001 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 0.006 | 2 | 0.003 | 32.037 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.007 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.002 | 2 | 0.001 | 6.947 | P <0.05 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.003 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.004 | 2 | 0.002 | 11.361 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.005 | 8 | |||||
表3 0~30 cm土壤孔隙度试验结果方差
Tab.3
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度df Degree of freedom df | 均方 Mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~15 cm孔隙度 0-15 cm Porosity | N组 | 组间 | 19.300 | 2 | 9.650 | 2.906 | P =0.131 |
| 组内 | 19.925 | 6 | 3.321 | ||||
| 总数 | 39.255 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 7.491 | 2 | 3.745 | 1.372 | P =0.323 | |
| 组内 | 16.374 | 6 | 2.729 | ||||
| 总数 | 23.864 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 4.353 | 2 | 2.176 | 0.826 | P =0.482 | |
| 组内 | 15.817 | 6 | 2.636 | ||||
| 总数 | 20.169 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 2.286 | 2 | 1.143 | 0.481 | P =0.640 | |
| 组内 | 14.262 | 6 | 2.377 | ||||
| 总数 | 16.548 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.645 | 2 | 0.322 | 0.173 | P =0.845 | |
| 组内 | 11.207 | 6 | 1.868 | ||||
| 总数 | 11.852 | 8 | |||||
| 15~30 cm孔隙度 15-30 cm Porosity | N组 | 组间 | 3.538 | 2 | 1.769 | 0.340 | P =0.725 |
| 组内 | 31.218 | 6 | 5.203 | ||||
| 总数 | 34.756 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 9.830 | 2 | 4.915 | 1.686 | P =0.262 | |
| 组内 | 17.495 | 6 | 2.916 | ||||
| 总数 | 27.325 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 28.111 | 2 | 14.056 | 3.713 | P =0.089 | |
| 组内 | 22.714 | 6 | 3.786 | ||||
| 总数 | 50.825 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 21.268 | 2 | 10.634 | 5.353 | P <0.05 | |
| 组内 | 11.919 | 6 | 1.987 | ||||
| 总数 | 33.187 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 32.959 | 2 | 16.479 | 7.252 | P <0.05 | |
| 组内 | 13.634 | 6 | 2.272 | ||||
| 总数 | 46.593 | 8 | |||||
2.1.2 不同碳源物质输入对土壤孔隙度的影响
研究表明,施入不同碳源物质对0~30 cm土壤的孔隙度均有显著性影响,且各组之间均表现出差异性。在0~15 cm土壤中,N组和T组中的N2和T2处理对土壤孔隙度改良效果最佳,相较于CK处理,孔隙度分别增大了14.97%和15.22%。J组、S组以及H组中随着碳源物质输入量的增加,土壤孔隙度也依次增大,3种碳源物质对土壤孔隙度的改良呈正相关关系。其中J3、S3和H3处理相比较于CK分别增加了11.87%、13.86%和13.88%。
图2
图2
不同碳源物质下土壤孔隙度的变化
Fig.2
Changes of different carbon source materials on soil porosity
表4 不同碳源物质下土壤团聚体的变化
Tab.4
| 土层 Soil layer 0~15 cm | 处理 Treatments | 粒径Particle size(mm) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >2 | 1~2 | 0.5~1 | 0.25~0.5 | 0.1~0.25 | ||
| N1 | 2.043 3i | 0.603 3i | 6.160 0f | 26.286 7p | 20.440 7h | |
| N | N2 | 3.726 7d | 0.860 0h | 10.453 3b | 30.720 0k | 21.435 6e |
| N3 | 4.950 0b | 1.750 0b | 11.753 3a | 36.760 0h | 24.676 7c | |
| T1 | 3.663 3de | 0.500 0k | 6.134 2f | 28.126 7n | 19.916 7i | |
| T | T2 | 8.446 7a | 3.483 3a | 11.658 9ab | 28.656 7m | 20.513 4g |
| T3 | 3.660 0de | 1.193 3d | 6.185 4e | 35.433 3i | 25.043 5b | |
| J1 | 1.586 7k | 0.763 4h | 10.086 7c | 32.462 2j | 20.940 0f | |
| J | J2 | 1.746 7j | 0.503 3k | 5.953 4g | 44.406 7e | 21.560 7d |
| J3 | 2.483 3h | 1.100 0f | 4.843 6h | 50.430 0a | 26.460 0a | |
| S1 | 3.620 0g | 1.150 0e | 8.235 6d | 46.050 0d | 17.965 4m | |
| S | S2 | 3.813 3f | 1.060 0f | 2.636 7k | 46.340 0c | 18.160 0l |
| S3 | 4.070 0c | 1.330 0c | 2.760 0j | 48.320 0b | 18.936 6j | |
| H1 | 3.643 3l | 1.000 0g | 10.635 4b | 27.466 7o | 15.740 0o | |
| H | H2 | 3.246 7e | 1.750 0b | 8.030 0e | 37.652 4g | 16.306 7n |
| H3 | 4.943 3b | 1.790 0b | 2.466 7l | 42.135 6f | 20.436 7h | |
| CK | 1.520 0k | 0.576 7j | 3.823 3i | 30.462 7l | 18.673 3k | |
| N1 | 1.953 9l | 0.539 3m | 6.096 3h | 26.028 4k | 26.030 1e | |
| N | N2 | 3.561 8g | 0.810 6j | 10.405 3d | 30.224 2i | 27.093 0d |
| N3 | 4.840 6c | 1.706 4c | 11.700 5a | 34.815 8g | 29.475 7c | |
| T1 | 3.511 9h | 0.496 7n | 6.100 9h | 25.232 2l | 24.276 7g | |
| T | T2 | 8.207 2a | 3.404 5a | 11.598 9b | 27.535 7j | 25.403 9f |
| T3 | 3.423 5i | 1.153 0e | 6.107 4h | 33.648 6h | 30.361 0b | |
| J1 | 1.506 9n | 0.700 6k | 10.001 2e | 30.860 2i | 25.326 7f | |
| J | J2 | 1.706 9m | 0.499 5n | 5.902 3i | 40.728 3e | 26.428 6e |
| J3 | 2.479 7k | 1.053 8g | 4.805 7j | 45.795 0a | 31.297 9a | |
| S1 | 3.538 6g | 1.113 7f | 3.704 5l | 41.652 7d | 22.464 5i | |
| S | S2 | 3.791 8e | 0.993 9h | 2.704 5m | 42.632 9c | 23.549 6h |
| S3 | 3.999 8d | 1.303 4d | 8.199 1f | 44.225 8b | 24.766 5g | |
| H1 | 3.647 5f | 0.953 4i | 2.398 8n | 23.238 9n | 20.554 3k | |
| H | H2 | 3.112 8j | 1.702 7c | 7.990 0g | 32.942 9h | 21.734 0j |
| H3 | 4.900 9b | 1.752 5b | 10.601 0c | 37.231 5f | 25.959 9e | |
| CK | 1.493 8o | 0.552 4l | 3.527 3k | 24.551 4m | 23.719 5h | |
2.1.3 土壤水稳定大团聚体
研究表明,在0~15 cm土壤中,除了施入生物菌肥中的J1、T1和J2处理之外,其它各个处理相比较CK均显著增加了>2 mm和1~2 mm的土壤团聚体粒,其中N3、T2、J3、S3和H3处理在各组碳源物质中效果最显著,相比较于CK处理分别增加了225.66%、455.70%、63.38%、167.76%、225.22%和203.45%、504.01%、90.74%、130.62%、210.39%;而除了生物炭处理,其他碳源物质随着施用量的增加效果也逐渐明显,呈正相关关系;而施入的5种碳源物质中,N3、T2、J1、S1、H1处理则对0.5~1 mm土壤团聚体的改良效果最明显,相较于CK处理分别增加了207.41%、204.94%、163.82%、115.41%和178.17%;其中除了S2、S3以及H3处理之外,其他处理对1~2 mm土壤团聚体也有显著影响;在0.1~0.25 mm土壤团聚体改良中发现,随着碳源物质的施入量增加,改良效果也逐渐增加,呈正相关关系,在0.1~0.25 mm土壤团聚体改良中,除N2、J1和S1、S2、S3、H1和H2处理之外,其他处理相较于CK处理均有显著性差异,其中效果最明显的N3、T3、J3、S3和H3处理相比CK分别增加了20.67%、16.32%、65.55%、58.62%、38.32%、32.15%、34.11%、41.70%、1.55%和9.44%。
15~30 cm土壤中,N组中的N3处理显著增加了0.1~2 mm粒径土壤水稳性团聚体,N3处理中的>2 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm、0.25~0.5 mm、0.1~0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体相较于CK处理分别增加了224.05%、208.91%、231.71%、41.81%和24.27%;T组中的T2和T3处理显著增加了0.5~2 mm和0.1~0.5 mm粒径土壤水稳性团聚体,T2处理中的>2 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm和T3处理中的0.25~0.5 mm、0.1~0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体相较于CK处理分别增加了455.70%、516.31%、228.83%和37.05%、28%;J组中的J3处理和J1处理显著增加了各粒径土壤水稳性团聚体,J3处理中的>2 mm、1~2 mm、0.25~0.5 mm、0.1~0.25 mm和J1处理中的0.5~1 mm粒径水稳性团聚体相较于CK处理分别增加了66%、90.77%、86.53%、31.95%和183.54%;S和H组中的S3和H3显著增加了各粒径土壤水稳性团聚体,相较于CK处理分别增加了167.76%、135.95%、132.45%、80.14%、4.4%和144.18%、217.25%、200.54%、51.65%和9.4%。
表5 0~30 cm团聚体试验结果方差
Tab.5
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度df Degree of freedom df | 均方 mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~15 cm团聚体 0-15cm Aggregate | N组 | 组间 | 6 178.455 | 14 | 441.318 | 581 487.275 | P <0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.023 | 30 | 0.001 | ||||
| 总数 | 6 178.478 | 44 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 5 698.224 | 14 | 407.016 | 225 831.039 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.054 | 30 | 0.002 | ||||
| 总数 | 5 698.279 | 44 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 11 886.089 | 14 | 849.006 | 1 095 873.834 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.023 | 30 | 0.001 | ||||
| 总数 | 11 886.112 | 44 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 13 158.986 | 14 | 939.928 | 1 990 539.751 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.014 | 30 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 13 159.000 | 44 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 7 573.124 | 14 | 540.937 | 601 090.102 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.027 | 30 | 0.001 | ||||
| 总数 | 7 573.151 | 44 | |||||
| 15~30 cm团聚体 15-30 cm Aggregate | N组 | 组间 | 6 957.772 | 14 | 496.984 | 26 993.571 | P <0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.554 | 30 | 0.018 | ||||
| 总数 | 6 958.325 | 44 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 6 132.353 | 14 | 438.025 | 46 419.118 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.283 | 30 | 0.009 | ||||
| 总数 | 6 132.636 | 44 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 11 099.450 | 14 | 792.818 | 89 759.660 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.265 | 30 | 0.009 | ||||
| 总数 | 11 099.715 | 44 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 11 492.760 | 14 | 820.911 | 18 496.957 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 1.331 | 30 | 0.044 | ||||
| 总数 | 11 494.092 | 44 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 6 549.796 | 14 | 467.843 | 4 589.134 | P <0.01 | |
| 组内 | 3.058 | 30 | 0.102 | ||||
| 总数 | 6 552.854 | 44 | |||||
表6 株高和茎粗试验结果方差
Tab.6
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度df Degree of freedom df | 均方 mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 株高 Height | N组 | 组间 | 7.209 | 2 | 3.604 | 885.126 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.024 | 6 | 0.004 | ||||
| 总数 | 7.233 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 3.216 | 2 | 1.608 | 133.747 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.072 | 6 | 0.012 | ||||
| 总数 | 3.288 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 1.006 | 2 | 0.503 | 11.897 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.254 | 6 | 0.042 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.260 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 3.909 | 2 | 1.955 | 91.403 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.128 | 6 | 0.021 | ||||
| 总数 | 4.038 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 2.556 | 2 | 1.278 | 192.297 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.040 | 6 | 0.007 | ||||
| 总数 | 2.596 | 8 | |||||
| 茎粗 Stem diameter | N组 | 组间 | 0.126 | 2 | 0.063 | 9.486 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.040 | 6 | 0.007 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.165 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.636 | 2 | 0.318 | 33.351 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.057 | 6 | 0.010 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.693 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 1.035 | 2 | 14.056 | 58.179 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.053 | 6 | 0.009 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.088 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.351 | 2 | 10.634 | 14.366 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.073 | 6 | 0.012 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.424 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.077 | 2 | 0.039 | 10.854 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.021 | 6 | 0.004 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.099 | 8 | |||||
2.2 黏质土壤改良对棉花苗期农艺性状的影响
2.2.1 不同碳源物质输入对植株株高和茎粗的影响
研究表明,不同组碳源物质输入中除了H1处理外,其它处理相较于CK处理棉花株高均表现出显著性上升的趋势。5种碳源物质对于棉花的生长有一定的帮助作用,不同组的碳源物质对棉花株高的影响呈N组>T组>S组>J组>H组>CK的规律,且各组之间均表现出差异性(P<0.01),其中农家肥的改良效果最佳,黄腐酸的改良效果相对较小。5种碳源物质随着施用量的增加株高也在增加,其中N3、T3、J3、S3和H3相较于CK处理株高分别增加了42.11%、36.23%、28.51%、28.56%和16.89%。5种碳源物质对棉花株高的改良效果与其添加比例呈正相关关系。
图3
图3
不同碳源物质下株高和茎粗的变化
Fig.3
Changes of different carbon source substances on plant height and stem diameter
2.2.2 不同碳源物质输入对植株鲜重的影响
研究表明,5种碳源物质在不同梯度下对于棉花植株的地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重均有显著性提升,5种碳源物质之间也表现出差异性(P<0.01),并且植株鲜重随着施用量的增加而增加,其中N组处理对棉花地上部及地下部鲜重的改良效果最为明显,S组处理和H组处理对于地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重改良效果次之。N组中的N3处理对地上部和地下部鲜重改良效果最优,相较于CK处理分别增加了104.76%和185.71%,T3、J3、S3、H3处理相较于CK分别增加了65.48%、63.10%、73.81%和46.43%,不同组碳源物质输入对棉花地上部鲜重改良效果呈N组>S组>T组>J组>H组的规律,对棉花地下部鲜重改良效果呈N组>H组>S组>T组>J组的规律。表7,图4
表7 植株鲜重试验结果方差
Tab.7
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度Df Degree of freedom Df | 均方 mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 地上部鲜重 Fresh weight of aboveground parts | N组 | 组间 | 1.783 | 2 | 0.892 | 84.369 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.063 | 6 | 0.011 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.847 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 1.501 | 2 | 0.750 | 265.371 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.017 | 6 | 0.003 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.517 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 1.798 | 2 | 0.899 | 366.291 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.015 | 6 | 0.002 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.813 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 1.839 | 2 | 0.920 | 244.646 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.023 | 6 | 0.004 | ||||
| 总数 | 1.862 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.048 | 2 | 0.024 | 10.904 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.013 | 6 | 0.002 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.061 | 8 | |||||
| 地下部鲜重 Fresh weight underground | N组 | 组间 | 0.015 | 2 | 0.008 | 25.967 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.002 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.017 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.007 | 2 | 0.004 | 8.764 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.003 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.010 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 0.018 | 2 | 0.009 | 60.731 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.019 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.017 | 2 | 0.009 | 107.762 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.001 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.018 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.008 | 2 | 0.004 | 53.950 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.008 | 8 | |||||
图4
图4
不同碳源物质下植株鲜重的变化
Fig.4
Changes of different carbon source substances on plant fresh weight
2.2.3 不同碳源物质输入对植株干重的影响
研究表明,相比于CK处理,施入不同碳源物质的大多数处理植株干重均存在显著增加趋势。其中改良效果最明显的是N组,而S组中的S1、S2处理的地上部干重小于CK处理,并且S1处理与CK处理存在显著性差异。地下部干重中,除了J组中的J1处理,其他处理相比较于CK处理均存在显著性差异。并且植株干重随着施用量的增加地上部和地下部干重亦在增加,呈正相关关系。不同处理中,改良效果较优的是N3、T3、J3、S3和H3处理,相比于CK处理,地上部干重分别增加了129.21%、83.38%、80.50%、98.43%和66.10%;地下部干重分别增加了141.47%、80.44%、82.14%、94.75%和89.71%。不同组碳源物质输入对棉花地上部干重的改良效果呈N组>T组>J组>H组>S组的规律,对棉花地下部干重改良效果呈N组>H组>S组>T组>J组的规律。表8,图5
表8 植株干重试验结果方差
Tab.8
| 项目 Items | 变异来源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度Df Degree of freedom Df | 均方 Mean square | 比值F Ratio F | 显著性 Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 地上部干重 Aboveground dry weight | N组 | 组间 | 0.050 | 2 | 0.025 | 40.460 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.004 | 6 | 0.001 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.054 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.039 | 2 | 0.020 | 43.216 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.003 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.042 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 0.045 | 2 | 0.023 | 60.988 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.002 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.047 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.131 | 2 | 0.066 | 219.056 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.002 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.133 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.003 | 2 | 0.001 | 22.165 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.003 | 8 | |||||
| 地下部干重 Underground dry weight | N组 | 组间 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.001 | 111.258 | P<0.01 |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.001 | 8 | |||||
| T组 | 组间 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.000 | 64.440 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.001 | 8 | |||||
| J组 | 组间 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.000 | 95.137 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.001 | 8 | |||||
| S组 | 组间 | 0.000 | 2 | 0.000 | 86.916 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.000 | 8 | |||||
| H组 | 组间 | 0.000 | 2 | 0.000 | 22.211 | P<0.01 | |
| 组内 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||
| 总数 | 0.000 | 8 | |||||
图5
图5
不同碳源物质下植株干重的变化
Fig.5
Changes of different carbon source substances on plant dry weight
2.3 各指标主成分分析和相关性
研究表明,有机质含量与0~15 cm土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),与15~30 cm土壤容重呈负相关关系(P<0.05),随着有机质的增加,土壤容重在不断减小;有机质含量与X3(0~15 cm土壤孔隙度)、X9(植株地上部干重)、X10(植株地下部干重)呈显著正相关(P<0.01);与X4(15~30 cm土壤孔隙度)、X5(株高)、X6(茎粗)、X7(植株地上部鲜重)、X8(植株地下部鲜重)呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。土壤中有机质的增加能够改善土壤结构,促进棉花生长。图6
图6
图6
主成分分析
注:X1:0~15 cm土壤容重;X2:15~30 cm土壤容重;X3:0~15 cm土壤孔隙度;X4:15~30 cm土壤孔隙度;X5:株高;X6:茎粗;X7:植株地上部鲜重;X8:植株地下部鲜重;X9:植株地上部干重;X10:植株地下部干重;X11:有机改良剂中有机质含量
Fig.6
Principal component analysis
Notes:X1:0-15 cm Soil capocity;X2:15-30 cm Soil capacity;X3:0-15 cm Soil porosity;X4:15-30 cm Soil porosity;X5:Plant height;X6:Stem thickness;X7:Fresh weight of abovegroand part of the plant;X8:Fresh weight of underground part of plant;X9:Dry weight of plant aboveground;X10:Dry weight of underground part of plant;X11:Organic mutter content in organic amendments
主成分PC1解释了总变量的71.0%,PV2解释了16.7%。即表达了87.7%解释量。碳源物质有助于缓解板结对土壤的胁迫。图7
图7
3 讨论
3.1 土壤容重是土壤重要的物理性质之一,它不仅直接影响到土壤孔隙度与孔隙大小分配、土壤的穿透阻力及土壤水肥气热变化,而且影响植物生长及根系在土壤中的穿插和活力大小[24]。作为土壤结构的基本单位,土壤团聚体的数量和质量是土壤性质和肥力的决定性因素[25]。根据多级团聚理论,直径<0.25 mm 称为微团聚体,直径>0.25 mm 称为大团聚体,微团聚体聚合形成大团聚体,相反大团聚体会破碎形成小团聚体,二者相辅相成[26]。土壤容重以及土壤孔隙度是反映土壤紧实、充气状况和土壤物理质量的重要指标[27]。研究表明,随着生物炭施入量的增加,土壤容重、比重呈明显降低趋势,0~20 cm土壤容重、比重分别降低了13.2%和1.90%,20~40 cm土壤容重、比重分别降低了10.9%和1.54%[28]。胡敏等[29]研究表明,施加生物炭有利于降低土壤容重,提高盐碱地耕层土壤的通透性,容重降低了6.11%,孔隙度提升率为13.92%。陈文涛等[30]研究表明,单施生物炭能降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。在试验中,生物炭中的T2处理(推荐量)显著降低了土壤容重,其它4种碳源物质也不同程度降低了土壤容重,T2处理以及T3处理对0~15和15~30 cm的土壤孔隙度改良效果最佳,较之CK处理,T2处理中0~15 cm容重和孔隙度分别显著降低和提高了12.78%和15.22%,15~30 cm容重降低了10.71%;T3处理中土壤孔隙度提高了19.81%。原因可能是碳源物质中的腐殖质是土壤中的主要胶结剂,能促近土壤良好结构的形成,可以增加吸热能力,提高土壤肥力,还可以适当降低土壤的紧实度以及增加土壤的孔隙度,有利于水分快速移动和土壤气体交换,从而使土壤容重降低。
3.2 机械稳定性团聚体是能够抵抗外力破坏的团聚体,是土壤自然状态下稳定的团聚体,水稳性团聚体则是可以抵抗水力分散的团聚体,可灵敏地反映土壤潜在的抗蚀能力[31]。王永平等[32]研究表明生物炭可以显著提高土壤>0.25 mm的团聚体含量。庞津雯等[33]研究发现,生物炭连续添加2年后,各覆膜处理能显著提高0~60 cm土层土壤大粒级(>0.25 mm)团聚体的机械稳定性(6.1%~8.7%)及水稳性团聚体的百分含量(15.9%~83.6%),玉米产量可显著(P<0.05)提高35.0%~41.8%。长期施用有机肥有利于土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量的增加,促进团聚体的形成,尤其是有利于增加1~2 mm和0.5~1 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,从而改善土壤的孔隙状况[34-35]。加入不同碳源物质之后,一定程度上增加了土壤的抗侵蚀能力。其中,生物炭对土壤团聚体的改良效果较佳,其他碳源物质也有一定的改良效果,可能是施入的碳源物质中均富含有机质,且比表面积大,吸附螯合能力强,为团聚体形成提供了有利条件。在试验中也得到相似结论。
4 结论
5种碳源物质输入均能一定程度上改善土壤结构以及促进棉花生长,其中生物炭的T2处理中0~30 cm容重分别降低了12.78%和10.71%;孔隙度增加了15.22%和19.81%;0~30 cm土壤中>2 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm粒径水稳性团聚体相较于CK处理增加了455.70%,504.01%,204.94%和455.70%、516.31%和228.83%;0.25~0.5 mm、0.1~0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体在T3处理中相较于CK处理增加了16.32%、34.11%和37.05%、28%。农家肥中的N3处理对于棉花植株株高以及地上地下部鲜干重的改良效果最佳,相较于CK处理分别增加了42.11%和104.76%、185.71%以及129.21%和141.47%,在对与棉花植株茎粗的改良中,商品有机肥中的S3处理效果最佳相比CK处理增加了28.19%。生物炭对于改善土壤物理性质效果最佳,农家肥对于植株农艺性状改良效果最佳。
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