新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(S1): 22-27 DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.S1.005

作物专栏

新质生产力赋能新疆水稻高质量发展对策分析

杜孝敬,, 侯天钰, 唐福森, 袁杰,, 赵志强, 袁泉, 齐玉红, 康民泰, 文孝荣, 李冬, 张燕红, 布哈丽且木·阿不力孜, 王奉斌,

新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院作物研究所/国家耐盐碱水稻技术创新中心西北中心, 乌鲁木齐 830091

Suggestions on countermeasures for empowering High quality development of rice in Xinjiang with new quality productivity

DU Xiaojing,, HOU Tianyu, TANG Fusheng, YUAN Jie,, ZHAO Zhiqiang, YUAN Quan, QI Yuhong, KANG Mintai, WEN Xiaorong, LI Dong, ZHANG Yanhong, Buhaliqem Abliz, WANG Fengbin,

Crop Research Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Northwest Center of National Saline-alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Urumqi 830091, China

通讯作者: 袁杰(1980-),男,研究员,博士,研究方向为水稻遗传育种及栽培,(E-mail)649289794@qq.com;王奉斌(1968-),男,研究员,硕士,研究方向为水稻遗传育种及栽培,(E-mail)xjnkywfb@163.com

收稿日期: 2025-06-20  

基金资助: 耐盐碱水稻种质资源创制及新品种选育
新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养项目高层次人才(2024SNGGGCC035)
国家水稻产业技术体系乌鲁木齐综合试验站(CARS-01-74)
新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院青年理论学习小组调研项目

Corresponding authors: YUAN Jie (1980-), male, Doctor of Philosophy, researcher, research direction: research on rice genetics, breeding, and cultivation techniques, (E-mail)649289794@qq.com;WANG Fengbin(1968-), male, master, researcher, research direction: research on rice genetics, breeding and cultivation techniques, (E-mail)xjnkywfb@163.com

Received: 2025-06-20  

Fund supported: Creation of saline-alkali tolerant rice germplasm resources and breeding of new varieties
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region's "Tianshan Talent" Training Program-High-level Talents for Development of Systemrn Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry(2024SNGGGCC035)
Urumqi Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Rice Industry Technology System(CARS-01-74)
Research project of the youth theoretical study group of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences

作者简介 About authors

杜孝敬(1993-),男,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为水稻高产栽培与生理机制,(E-mail)dxjixj@163.com

摘要

【目的】 分析新疆水稻生产现状及产业发展趋势,为保障区域粮食安全和盐碱地可持续利用提供参考。【方法】 基于《中国统计年鉴》和《新疆统计年鉴》(1983-2024)的统计数据,分析新疆水稻生产的现状(面积、产量、单产、区域分布)及存在的主要问题。【结果】 (1)1983~2018年新疆水稻种植面积稳定于7.33×104 hm2(110万亩)左右,但2018年后急剧下降,2022年降至3.67×104 hm2(55.05万亩),总产量同步下滑;(2)水稻单产稳定增长,2023年全疆平均643.89 kg/667m2,显著高于小麦和玉米;(3)水稻生产主要分布于新疆南疆(阿克苏地区、和田地区)和新疆生产建设兵团(占37.86%),北疆(伊犁哈萨克自治州、乌鲁木齐市)次之。【结论】 创制耐盐碱、节水抗旱水稻新品种提高种植面积,同时加大政策扶持,恢复并落实种稻补贴,新疆需保持和适度规模化水稻生产。

关键词: 水稻; 生产现状; 适度规模化

Abstract

【Objective】 To analyze the current situation and industrial development trend of rice production in Xinjiang, and ensure regional food security and sustainable utilization of saline alkali land. 【Methods】 Based on the statistical data from the China Statistical Yearbook and the Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook (1983-2024), analyze the current situation of rice production in Xinjiang (area, yield, yield per unit area, regional distribution) and the main problems that exist. 【Results】 (1)The rice planting area in Xinjiang remained stable at around 1.1 million mu from 1983 to 2018, but sharply decreased after 2018, dropping to 550500 mu in 2022, with a synchronous decline in yield;(2)The yield of rice has steadily increased, with an average of 643.89 kg/667m2 in Xinjiang in 2023, significantly higher than that of wheat and corn;(3)Rice production is mainly distributed in southern Xinjiang (Aksu Region, Hotan Region) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (37.86%), followed by northern Xinjiang (Ili Prefecture, Urumqi); 【Conclusion】 Create new varieties of salt alkali resistant, water-saving, and drought resistant rice to increase planting area, while increasing policy support, restoring and implementing rice subsidies.Xinjiang needs to maintain and moderately scale up rice production.

Keywords: Xinjiang; rice; production status quo; moderate scale

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本文引用格式

杜孝敬, 侯天钰, 唐福森, 袁杰, 赵志强, 袁泉, 齐玉红, 康民泰, 文孝荣, 李冬, 张燕红, 布哈丽且木·阿不力孜, 王奉斌. 新质生产力赋能新疆水稻高质量发展对策分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(S1): 22-27 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.S1.005

DU Xiaojing, HOU Tianyu, TANG Fusheng, YUAN Jie, ZHAO Zhiqiang, YUAN Quan, QI Yuhong, KANG Mintai, WEN Xiaorong, LI Dong, ZHANG Yanhong, Buhaliqem Abliz, WANG Fengbin. Suggestions on countermeasures for empowering High quality development of rice in Xinjiang with new quality productivity[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(S1): 22-27 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.S1.005

0 引言

【研究意义】稻米是全球最重要的粮食作物之一[1]。稻米占我国居民口粮消费超60%以上[2],据《中国统计年鉴2024》[3]显示,我国稻谷种植面积达到0.29×108 hm2(4.3亿亩),占粮食作物种植总面积的24.33%。新疆水稻作为我国具有地方特色的作物,其单位面积产量较全国平均水平高出35.18%,已成为我国西北地区高产稻作区的代表[4]。【前人研究进展】新疆属于干旱半干旱地区,干旱的气候条件使得新疆成为我国土壤盐渍化面积很大的地区,其盐渍化土壤面积为0.22×108 hm2(3.27亿亩),占全国盐渍化土壤总面积的22%。可耕地土壤盐渍化面积近133.33×104 hm2(2 000万亩),其中南疆地区超过66.67×104 hm2(1 000万亩)[5],土壤盐渍化制约了新疆农业生产。已有研究证明,种植水稻是在中重度盐碱地实现“活碱-增产”的粮食作物[6]。水稻需要的生长环境,不仅可以淋溶盐碱土壤的可溶性盐碱成分[7],而且可以改进土壤质量,提高土壤肥力[8],如耐盐碱水稻(“海水稻”)在新疆岳普湖县测产达548.53 kg/667m2。此外,种植水稻能调节气候[9]、增加空气湿度、改善环境、提高地下水位,发挥湿地作用,防止土地荒漠化,增加绿洲面积,同时部分地区水资源丰富、低洼、地下水位高的区域,不适合旱作物只能种植水稻。然而新疆水稻发展也面临着挑战,农业水资源不足[10],种稻人工成本较高[11],致使新疆水稻生产在种植面积上有所递减,严重制约着新疆水稻产业现代化发展。【本研究切入点】新疆水稻种植水稻历史悠久[12]。新疆米泉以及天山南北区域先后有种植,温宿县阿克苏地区、伊犁哈萨克自治州察布查尔锡伯自治县等地也陆续大面积种植水稻[13]。20世纪50年代,新疆开展水稻育种工作,积极引进国内外优良品种[14],地方品种逐渐被引进品种和新育成的品种所代替,良种的推广促进了新疆水稻增产,每次更新换代都使单产提高15~30 kg/667m2[15]。新疆维吾尔自治区审定委员会审定的水稻品种有80多份,近几年选育出一批耐盐品种,其中新稻11号、新稻36号、新稻56号等优质高产的水稻品种在新疆占据较大的种植面积,成为本地主栽品种。需结合新疆水稻生产现状,探讨在新质生产力下新疆水稻高质量发展的路径以实现稻米产业稳步发展。【拟解决的关键问题】基于《中国统计年鉴》和《新疆统计年鉴》(1983-2024)的统计数据,分析新疆水稻生产的现状(面积、产量、单产、区域分布)及存在的问题,为新疆水稻生产走向轻简化和适度规模化种植提供科学对策。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

统计数据来自《中国统计年鉴》(1983-2024)和《新疆统计年鉴》(1983-2024)。

1.2 方法

采用 Microsoft Excel 2010 进行数据处理,并进行制图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 新疆水稻生产现状

2.1.1 水稻面积逐年减少

研究表明,1983年至2023年新疆玉米种植面积基本呈现上升的趋势,粮食作物总面积和小麦种植面积呈“先降后升”的趋势,并在2007年最低,分别为137.87×104 hm2(2 068.65万亩)和60.58×104 hm2(908.7万亩),而水稻种植面积于1985年至2018年趋于7.33×104 hm2(110万亩)上下浮动,2018年后呈急速减少的趋势,至2022年水稻种植面积最少,仅有3.67×104 hm2(55.05万亩)。图1

图1

图1   1983~2023年新疆主要粮食作物种植面积

Fig1   Planting Area of Major Grain Crops in Xinjiang from 1983 to 2023


2.1.2 水稻总产量逐渐下降

研究表明,1983年至2023年新疆粮食总产量和玉米产量呈现快速上升趋势,小麦产量总体呈现上升趋势,但2009年至2023年基本稳定在600×104~700×104 t/年,水稻产量于1983年至2018年总体呈上升趋势,2018年后呈急速减少的趋势,至2022年水稻产量最低,为34.60×104 t。图2

图2

图2   1983-2023年新疆主要粮食作物产量

Fig.2   Yield of Major Grain Crops in Xinjiang from 1983 to 2023


2.2 水稻单产稳步增长

研究表明,1983年至2023年新疆小麦、玉米、水稻单位面积产量总体均呈上升趋势,其中水稻单位面积产量于2014年最大,为676.43 kg/667m2,玉米单位面积产量2022年最大,为628.78 kg/667m2,小麦单位面积产量于2023年最大,为387.47 kg/667m2,较同一年水稻、玉米分别低39.76%、36.76%。图3

图3

图3   1983~2023年新疆主要粮食作物单位面积产量

Fig.3   Unit area yield of major grain crops in Xinjiang from 1983 to 2023


2.3 新疆水稻优势地区分布

研究表明,2023年新疆粮食总播种面积282.48×104 hm2(4 237.16万亩),水稻种植面积3.97×104 hm2(59.48万亩),占比总播种面积1.40%,水稻总产量382 952.00 t,全疆水稻单位面积产量平均为643.89 kg/667m2,其中以新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)最大,为684.28 kg/667m2

2023年水稻生产在新疆大部分地区均有分布(全区仅东疆区域无水稻生产)。其中,北疆产区是乌鲁木齐市和伊犁哈萨克自治州,占水稻总面积比重4.31%和18.39%;南疆产区为阿克苏地区、喀什地区、和田地区,占水稻总面积比重18.59%、5.80%、12.59%,以及兵团,占水稻总面积比重37.86%。

根据水稻种植现状将新疆水稻划分4个区域。新疆水稻生产的主要特点是适于种植粳稻类型的品种,主要为一年一熟制。稻作生长季积温南、北疆相差1 200~1 600℃,生长季天数差40~50 d,稻作安全齐穗期,北疆在7 月中旬至8 月初,南疆则在8 月中旬[16]表1,表2

表1   2023年新疆各地州市水稻分布

Tab.1  Rice layout in various prefectures cities of Xinjiang in 2023

区域
Region
各地州
(市)
Each prefecture
(city)
粮食播种面积
The acreage sown
in grain crops
(万亩)(104 hm2)
水稻播种面积
Rice planting
area
(万亩)(104 hm2)
水稻
总产量
Total rice
yield
(t)
水稻占粮食
播种面积
比重
Proportion of rice
planting area in
total grain
cultivation area
(%)
单位
面积产量
Yield per
unit area
(kg/667m2)
占水稻
总面积
比重
Proportion
of total
rice area
(%)
新疆北疆
North
Xinjiang
乌鲁木齐市12.93(0.86)2.57(0.17)17 055.0019.84664.914.31
伊犁哈萨克自治州600.09(40.01)10.94(0.73)70 845.001.82647.8718.39
塔城地区449.85(29.99)0.05(0.003)234.000.01520.000.08
阿勒泰地区162.71(10.85)0.11(0.007)350.000.06333.330.18
克拉玛依市6.03(0.40)0.03(0.002)126.000.50420.000.05
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州100.62(6.71)0.12(0.008)695.000.12579.170.20
昌吉回族自治州346.55(23.10)0.06(0.004)317.000.02528.330.10
新疆东疆
Eastern
Xinjiang
哈密市36.18(2.41)0.00(0.00)0.000.000.000.00
吐鲁番市0.90(0.06)0.00(0.00)0.000.000.000.00
新疆
南疆
Southern
Xinjiang
巴音郭楞蒙古自治州137.00(9.13)0.11(0.007)466.000.08443.810.18
阿克苏地区545.67(36.37)11.06(0.74)73 663.002.03666.3318.59
克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州85.14(5.68)1.01(0.067)6 603.001.18657.011.69
喀什地区768.29(51.22)3.45(0.23)20 277.000.45587.745.80
和田地区287.39(19.16)7.49(0.498)38 255.002.60511.0912.59
新疆生产建设兵团697.83(46.52)22.52(1.501)154 066.003.23684.2837.86
合计4 237.16(282.48)59.48(3.966)382 952.001.40643.89/

注:资料来源《新疆统计年鉴2024》[17]

Notes:Data source《Xinjiang Statistical 2024》[17]

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


表2   新疆水稻主要种植区域

Tab.2  Main rice planting regions in Xinjiang

稻作区名称
Name of rice growing area
主要产稻地区
Major rice-producing regions
伊犁河谷早中熟稻区
Yili Valley mid-ripening
rice region
察布查尔县、新疆生产
建设兵团第四师
天山北麓中熟稻区
Mid maturing rice area at the
northery foot of
Tianshan Mounntains
乌鲁木齐市米东区
南疆北部中晚熟稻区
Southern Xinjiang late-
maturing rile region
阿克苏地区温宿县、
新疆生产建设兵团第一师
南疆西南部晚熟及
复播稻区
Late maturing and planted
rice areas in Southwestern
Sounern Xinjiang
喀什地区、和田地区

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


3 讨论

3.1 新疆水稻生产存在的问题

3.1.1 绿色发展有待提高

需构建水稻高质量发展经济体系,深化水稻生产经营改革,多种形式发展水稻产业。

3.1.2 水稻政策性扶持不足

受水资源短缺的影响,现有稻田缺少应有保护,加上政策性调减与扶持减少、稻区农田高标准建设投入不足,稻谷收购价格偏低(2.8元/kg)。此外,棉花补贴籽棉0.35元/kg,小麦补贴230元/667m2,玉米补贴150元/667m2,水稻仅部分地区有补贴政策,造成水稻面积和总产量减少。

3.1.3 良种良法创新有待提升

优质、耐盐碱、节水型水稻新品种不足。受地域分布广、稻作技术不同等因素影响,自主培育的品种较多(新稻11号、新稻36号、新稻42号、新稻50号、新稻58号、新粳8号、新粳伊2号和新农粳伊4号),品种覆盖率占全疆85%以上,但突出有影响力的主导品种还较少,优质高产耐盐碱节水广适性品种较少。

现代化轻简化栽培技术不够完善。当前机插秧多采用小拱棚育苗,缺少集中大棚育苗,直播还采用水撒播、稳产性差,与高产高效轻简化机直播技术不配套,种稻相较于其他作物人工成本较大。管理粗放、大水漫灌、大量施用化肥和除草剂,与优质高产节本保优高效栽培技术不配套,育苗机插技术、机械直播技术、节水种稻技术、盐碱地种稻技术、稻田综合种养技术等还需要进一步研究完善和推广应用。

3.1.4 产业化水平有待加强

三级良种繁育体系尚不健全。缺少特有的新疆大米品牌。全疆水稻规模化、标准化、集约化生产水平不高,优质大米种植基地缺少,企业生产加工规模和产品质量不高,水稻生产“三品一标”不够健全,品牌培育能力不足、知名度不高,难以实现稻米优质优价。

3.2 对策

3.2.1 合理布局产业功能区划

探索新疆水稻种植制度的调整,构建新疆绿色且特色稻米产业,完善产业协同机制,提高科技支撑的经济效益,构建多层级的新疆水稻智慧服务体系(水肥一体化、机械轻简化、无人机技术等)。

3.2.2 加大种稻政策扶持力度

恢复种稻补贴、集中育秧、农机、农资等纳入补贴范畴。在测土配方、农资配送、病虫害统防统治、农机作业专业化服务等方面实现新型农业经营组织全覆盖,开展全程农业社会化综合服务,加快新疆水稻产业技术体系建设,重点扶持或建设一批优质水稻标准化生产示范园项目。

3.2.3 深化“藏粮于地,藏粮于技”战略

加强中低产田改造,提高耕地质量,加强田间整理、沟渠、机耕道、林网建设,打造高标准稻田,改善稻田基础设施条件。结合大力推进水稻节水栽培技术,可节水1/3左右,若综合配套旱育稀植机插秧、轻简机械旱直播、节水控灌栽培等其他一些节水技术,大面积用水量控制在600~1 000 m3/667m2,可增加水稻种植面积33.33×104 hm2(50万亩)以上,可增加30×104 t产量,加大新疆盐碱地的综合开发和利用,扩大耐盐碱水稻、沙漠水稻种植,增加耕地面积。

充分利用发挥好国家水稻产业技术体系乌鲁木齐综合试验站、国家耐盐碱水稻技术创新中心西北中心等科研平台,给予长期稳定科研经费投入,提高农业科技水平,加强培育优质高产耐盐碱水稻新品种[18],节水抗旱稻新品种[19],做好品种选育及技术改良,加快选育出适合新疆不同区域种植的分蘖力中等、大穗型节水耐盐碱新品种,促进我区水稻产业发展。

强化技术推广与科技服务,推广标准化节本高效生产技术体系,实现无公害绿色有机栽培生产,全面提高新疆水稻生产技术水平,增加单产和总产。加大“农业+研学+旅游”有机融合,大力推进“稻+N(蟹、虾、鱼、鸭等)”稻田综合种养技术应用推广,实现“一地多用、一地多收,一水多用、一水多收”的节水型休闲观光旅游的绿色有机水稻产业[20],发展“稻田画”特色水稻产业,通过创意设计吸引客流,借力农家乐承接消费,最终反哺水稻种植标准化与品牌化。

3.2.4 做好产业化推广服务

建议健全良种繁育体系:加快建设育种家基地与标准化良种生产基地,健全原原种、原种、良种生产技术制度,扶持本地种子企业,推广优质良种替代自留种。强化技术服务体系:充实农技队伍,加强绿色技术培训,建立新品种示范田并强化跟踪服务能力。打造区域公共品牌:推进规模化、标准化种植基地建设,完善“三品一标”认证,扶持企业加工升级,集中培育“新疆大米”地域品牌(羊脂籽米、抓饭香米),实现优质优价。

4 结论

1983~2018年新疆水稻种植面积稳定于7.33×104 hm2(110万亩)左右,但2018年后急剧下降,2022年降至3.67×104 hm2(55.05万亩),产量同步下滑;水稻单产稳定增长,2023年全疆平均643.89 kg/667m2,显著高于小麦和玉米;水稻生产主要分布于南疆(阿克苏地区、和田地区)和新疆生产建设兵团(占37.86%),北疆(伊犁哈萨克自治州、乌鲁木齐市)次之;新疆需创制耐盐碱、节水抗旱水稻新品种提高种植面积,同时建议加大政策扶持,恢复并落实种稻补贴,新疆需保持和适度规模化水稻生产。

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