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20 September 2018, Volume 55 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Association Analysis of Verticillum Wilt Resistance Trait Using SSR Marker in Gossypium hirsutum L. WANG Long, LI Li-bei, MA Qi-feng, GENG Hong-wei, CHEN Quan-jia, QU Yan-ying, FAN Shu-li 2018, 55(9): 1569-1578.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1577KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to detect the genotypes of 186 upland cotton germplasm resources by 140 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers distributed on 26 cotton chromosomes.【Method】Genome-wide association analysis between SSR loci and verticillum wilt resistance trait was performed using GLM (General line model P<0.001) and MLM (Mixed linear model P<0.01).【Result】The main results showed that: (1) The 186 cultivars could be divided into two subgroups: one containing 96 germplasm resources and the other containing 90 germplasm resources; (2) 140 pairs of SSR primers were used, and 355 alleles were detected. The average variation of each pair of primers was 2.54, the average value was 0.759, and the range of primer polymorphism information ranged from 0.503 to 0.995; (3) Correlation analysis showed that there were 22 SSR loci associated with Verticillium wilt resistance traits in cotton under two models, among which 2 loci, NAU998 and CGR5258, could be detected simultaneously in more than two environments. The interpretation rates of the observed phenotypic variation of them were 5.53% and 12.07%, respectively.【Conclusion】The results of this study provide reference information for the utilization of cotton breeding materials for resistance to verticillium wilt and molecular marker-assisted selection.

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Comprehensive Assessment of Salt Tolerance of the Upland Cotton Varities Resources in Seedling Stage by Membership Function Method ZHENG Ju-yun, ZENG Hui, WANG Jun-duo, GONG Zhao-long, LIANG Ya-jun, AI Xian-tao, GUO Jiang-ping, FENG Guo-wei, MOming, LI Xue-yuan 2018, 55(9): 1579-1592.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1175KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of this study is to provide theoretic support for screening of varieties with strong salt tolerance for genetic improvement in upland cotton by studying the difference of salt tolerance characteristics of different upland cotton varieties under salt stress conditions and clarify the effects of slat stress on cotton germinating related traits during germination and contrast periods.【Method】The germination potential, germination rate, bud fresh weight and bud length of 188 varieties resources at home and abroad were studied for comparative analysis under salt stress concentration (150 mmol/L NaCl) and the treatment of spraying clear water. A comprehensive evaluation was concducted about the salt tolerance of the upland cotton varities resources in seedling stage by subordinate function method of Fuzzy Mathematics.【Result】The results showed that the morphologic characters of 188 varieties resources decreased compared with the treatment of spraying clear water in seedling stage, the salt tolerance coefficients of cultivars were different in different varieties,and 1 high salt tolerance varietie resource,45 salt tolerance varieties resources,120 middle salt tolerance varieties resources and 22 salt-sensitive varieties resources were identified by comprehensive evaluation.【Conclusion】Through preliminary screening,most of 188 varieties resources are identified as middle salt tolerance varieties (63.8%) and a total of 45 salt-tolerant materials, such as Xinluzhong 22 and Xinluzao 1 and 21, were selected as parent materials for genetic improvement of salt tolerance in upland cotton.

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Effects of Shading on Grain-Filling and Quality Characteristics of Different Winter Wheat Varieties FANG Hui, FAN Gui-qiang, GAO Yong-hong, ZHOU An-ding, WU Xin-yuan, ZHANG Yong-qiang, LU Jing, HUANG Tian-rong 2018, 55(9): 1593-1600.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1138KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the influences of shading treatment on the grain-filling and quality characteristics in different winter wheat varieties in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the shading-tolerant wheat breeding.【Method】Take the Xindong 20,Xindong 40,Xindong 57,Xindong 60 as the experimental materials under the field irrigation conditions. Set the natural light as CK and take the shading level 50% as the shading treatment respectively, to research the grain filling characteristics, quality characteristics and yield of different winter wheat varieties under the shading treatment and natural light.【Result】After shading treatment, the grain filling characteristics of the four winter wheat varieties were: Xindong 57 >Xindong 60 >Xindong 40 >Xindong 20, the protein content, wet gluten content and Sedimentation volume of all varieties showed as follows: Xindong 20 > Xindong 57 > Xindong 40 > Xindong 60; The development time of Xindong 57 was the longest, which was 5.7 min; Xindong 60 had the longest stability time, which was 11.6 min; the dough extensograph characteristics were: Xindong 60 > Xindong 40 > Xindong 20 > Xindong 57; The yield was: Xindong 40 > Xindong 57 > Xindong 60 > Xindong 20.【Conclusion】Shading significantly reduced the grain filling characteristics and yield of four winter wheat varieties, and at the same time, it also has an impact on quality characteristics.

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MSAP Analysis of DNA Methylation in Different Capsicum annuum L.Varieties during Fruit Development LI Ning, Patiqul Asimutula, YANG Bao-sheng, WANG Bai-ke, TANG Ya-ping, YANG Tao, YU Qing-hui 2018, 55(9): 1601-1607.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1142KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to carry out methylation analysis of restriction endonuclease sites in GB14 and GB38 fruit development of capsicum in the hope of providing a new insight for exploring the molecular mechanism of capsicum fruit development.【Method】The modification of DNA methylation during the development and maturation of Capsicum annuum L. fruit was studied. 【Result】The data showed that the ratios of DNA methylation and total methylation bands both increased gradually with seeds growth and development. The total methylation ratio of the two varieties of Capsicum annuum L.in green maturity period and red ripening period were 36.51%, 36.38%, 35.57% and 35.45%, respectively. Eight polymorphic fragments of methylation showed that the DNA methylation sites existed both in the coding region of the genome and in the non-coding region by the recovery and sequencing.【Conclusion】During the development of capsicum fruit, the modification of DNA methylation was greatly changed and the level of semi-methylation of CCGG loci was positively related to the accumulation of Capsicum annuum L. These results suggest a molecular level method for further studying the regulation of Capsicum annuum L., which provide a theoretical foundation for the breeding of Capsicum annuum L.

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Diversity of Seed-Watermelon Germplasms in Xinjiang Based on ISSR Markers Analysis LIN Ming, DENG Chao-hong, PAN Jing-hai, CHENG You-qiang, LIU Hua-jun, BAI Xiao-shan, XIAO Li, LI Cheng-ye 2018, 55(9): 1608-1615.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1172KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the genetic diversity of seed-watermelons, this project aims to carry out the genetic diversity and cluster analysis of various varieties.【Method】Sixty seed-watermelon germplasm resources were employed as researching materials for screening the suitable ISSR primer pairs from UBC801 to UBC900.【Result】Ten ISSR primer pairs were chosen as the suitable primers for producing 44 allelic variation via amplification of 60 seed-watermelon germplasm resources. Moreover, each primer pair could produce 3 to 7 allelic variation and the average allelic variation number was 4.4. Furthermore, 24 polymorphism bands were generated in this project and the polymorphism information content (PIC) from ten ISSR primer pairs ranged from 0.042,3 to 0.674,0, and the average PIC was 0.358,2. The genetic similarity coefficient of 60 germplasm resources varied from 0.409 to 0.977 and the average coefficient was 0.779.【Conclusion】ISSR is superior to other molecular markers in determining genetic diversity and genetic relationship of seed watermelon germplasm resources compared to other molecular markers. Meanwhile, more comprehensive genomic DNA information can be seen, which can reflect the abundant genetic diversity information among different varieties. All these provide some theoretical basis for hybrid breeding.

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Molecular Cloning of the PsiERF Gene and Its Expression in Korla Fragrant Pears XU Hang, QUAN Shao-wen, MA Li, ZHOU Li, NIU Jian-xin 2018, 55(9): 1616-1625.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2483KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this project is to compare the transcriptome expression in the Korla fragrant pears' flowers with either a president or deciduous calyx in the hope of screening differently expressed genes related to sepals.【Method】One nucleotide sequence which contained a AP2/ERF domain shared by the DEGs between transcriptome and DEG sequencing was selected from the Korla fragrant pears' flowers transcriptome database and named as PsiERF, and was analyzed by bioinformatics. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to compare temporal changes in the expression of PsiERF in floral organs with either persistent or deciduous calyx. 【Result】The full length cDNA of PsiERF is 1,195 bp which contained a 123 bp 5'-UTR(untranslated region), a 277 bp 3'-UTR and a 795 bp ORF encoding 264 amino acids. According to the analysis with real-time RT-PCR, the expression of PsiERF in flowers with persistent calyx was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that in flowers with deciduous calyx at the early and late bloom stages. And at the late bloom stage, persistent calyx was significantly (P<0.01) higher than deciduous calyx.【Conclusion】The present work has screened, cloned and identified a new PsiERF gene in Korla fragrant pear, which belongs to the ERF subtribe of the superfamily ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) and our results indicated that PsiERF is closely related to the calyx persistence.

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Effects of Bagging on Fruit Quality of Fuji Apple in Aksu Prefecture MEI Chuang, YAN Peng, ZHU Yan-fei, Aishangjian·Maimaiti, MA Kai, HAN Li-qun, ZHANG Zhen-jun, WANG Ji-xun 2018, 55(9): 1626-1632.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1247KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims at exploring the effect of bagging on fruit quality of Aksu sweetheart apple, so as to provide a theoretical basis for future efforts to simplify cultivation (unbagged). 【Method】Three typical planting areas of Aksu Fuji apple were selected to analyze the effect of bagging on appearance and intrinsic quality of fruit through comparative analysis. 【Result】Bagging had a weak impact on appearance quality such as fruit weight, firmness and shape in each region. The soluble solids in Hongqipo Farm and Youth League Farm without bagging were significantly higher than those in bagging, reaching 18.30% and 17.27%, respectively, and increased by 19.5% and 9.5%, respectively. Color stain of bagged apples varied in the three areas with an average color difference of 45, which was generally lower compared to blank group. Total soluble sugar in bagging group was significantly lower than that of unbagged group. The maximum total soluble sugar, 84.16 mg/g, was observed in unbagged fruit from the Shahe Town, which was 14.3% higher than that of bagged group. There were significant differences in vitamin C content between blank groups and treatment groups. In Youth League Farm, vitamin C content of unbagged fruit was 111.75 mg/kg, 61.37% higher than the figure (43.17 mg/kg) of bagged ones, constituting a significant difference. Bagging had an insignificant effect on titratable acid content, with a difference around 0.3% in each area. The tannin content varied to different degrees, with a maximum content of 10.61 mg/g observed in Shahe Town, 19.7% higher than that of unbagged ones. 【Conclusion】Bagging can increase fruit smoothness, reduce soluble solids, and lead different degrees of variation in other physical and chemical qualities.

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Effects of Different Rootstocks on Soluble Sugar Content of Crimson Grape Fruit ZHONG Hai-xia, PAN Ming-qi, ZHANG Fu-chun, ZHANG Wen, XIE Hui, HAN Shou-an, Ermek·Chaikasimu, WU Xin-yu 2018, 55(9): 1633-1638.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1111KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to compare and analyze the characteristics and differences of soluble sugar content and components in the grape fruit grafted with different rootstocks, and discuss the effects of different rootstocks on the sugar content in the grape fruit in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the selection of good rootstocks of grape.【Method】The growth and development of crimson grape fruit grafted with different rootstocks were monitored in the field. The soluble sugar components and contents in the fruit at maturity were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results were compared and analyzed.【Result】Among the 7 grafted seedlings of crimson rootstock, the fruit shape index of crimson grape grafted by rootstock 101-14MG was the largest, which was 12.88% larger than its own root seedling, and the fruit matured the earliest. The single weight of the crimson grape fruit grafted with rootstock SO4 was the largest, up to 3.21 g. Different anvil ear combination in mature fruit soluble sugar was mainly composed of fructose, glucose and sucrose. The contents of glucose and fructose were higher, with large range of changes; The content of glucose was slightly higher than that of fructose, and the glucose sucrose content was relatively stable. The content of glucose and fructose in the crimson fruit grafted with 101-14MG was the highest, which was 14.68% and 15.49% higher than that of crimson self-rootstock respectively, followed by the rootstocks SO4, 5BB and 5C. The highest sucrose content was found in the grape fruits grafted with 5C rootstock, which was 12.75% higher than its self-rooted seedlings. The total soluble sugar of the grape grafted with 101-14MG SO4 and 5BB was significantly higher than that of the other 5 rootstocks, which was 14.67%, 10.20% and 8.22% higher than that of the crimson self-root seedling, respectively. Among them, the total soluble sugar of crimson grape grafted with 101-14MG was the highest, and glucose, fructose, sucrose and soluble sugar in the grape fruit grafted with 188-08 were the lowest.【Conclusion】Grafting of rootstock 101-14MG, SO4 and 5C is beneficial to the growth of crimson seedless fruits and the accumulation of soluble sugar, and these rootstocks are an excellent rootstocks which can help to promote the ripening of crimson grapes.

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Study on Diurnal Variation of Photosynthetic Characteristics and Related Physiological Indexes of Jujube under High Temperature Environment YANG Lei , JIN Juan, FENG Bei-bei, FAN Ding-yu, NIU Ying-ying, HAO Qing 2018, 55(9): 1639-1646.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1368KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the differences of photosynthesis and physiological responses to heat stress between two jujube cultivars in the areas of atypical warmth.【Method】The photosynthetic diurnal changes of 10-year-old Fucuimi and Junzao were determined under natural high-temperature conditions in the field of Turpan. Meanwhile, the leaves at the corresponding time were collected to determine the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), osmoregulation substances in the laboratory. 【Result】The results showed that diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of Fucuimi was single-peak curve, while that of Junzao was a typical bimodal curve with noon break at 12 o'clock. The Transpiration rate (Tr) of the two cultivars showed a bimodal curve, but Fucuimi changed more drastically, with obvious troughs at 14 o'clock. The trends of MDA, proline (Pro), and soluble protein (SP) content in the two varieties were the same. The MDA and Pro of Junzao were significantly higher than that of Fucuimi. The content of MDA in Junzao reached the maximum value 4 hours earlier than Fucuimi.【Conclusion】In the high temperature areas, Fucuimi didn't have a noon break in photosynthetic, and it's Pn and Tr of the leaves were higher than those of Junzao. The contents of MDA and Pro in the leaves of Junzao were significantly higher than those of Fucuimi. Both photosynthetic characteristics and physiological indexes proved that the cell membrane stability of Fucuimi was stronger than that of Junzao. Fucuimi was more resistant to high temperatures than Junzao.

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Effects of Vibration on Physicochemical Quality of Hami Melon Fruits Stored at Different Stacking Heights FANG Shi-jie, XU Bin, PAN Yan, ZHANG Ting, HU Hui-hui 2018, 55(9): 1647-1655.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1408KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to simulate refrigerated transport vibration of Hami-melon and analyze the variation and difference of physiological and quality indexes of different stacking heights for Hami-melon fruits in the hope of providing basis for the quality control of cold chain transportation of the fruits. 【Method】Xizhoumi 25, an early maturing variety of Hami melon in Xinjiang was used as the test material. Under the conditions of 4-6℃ and three different stacking heights and vibration frequency 7Hz, the changes of physiological indexes, such as fruit respiration rate and relative electrical conductivity of pulp were measured and effects of vibration on fruit physiology and quality of Hami melon stored at different height were analyzed.【Result】The effects of vibration on respiratory sorted by size: bottom＞top＞middle; The relative conductivity sorted by size: middle＞bottom＞top; The moisture content sorted by size: bottom＞middle＞top; The soluble solid content sorted by size: top＞middle＞bottom; The titratable acid content sorted by size: middle＞top＞bottom; The vitamin C content sorted by size: bottom＞top＞middle. 【Conclusion】The results indicated that lower frequency vibration could quicken the respiratory rate of melon pulp, increase the relative conductivity and the moisture content and decrease vitamin C content of melon pulp between 4-6℃. The effect of continuous low-frequency vibration on physiology and quality of Hami-melon fruits in lower heap was the greatest followed by middle heap and upper heap.

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Olfactory Behavioral Responses of Potosia brevitarsis Lewis to 10 Kinds of Host Volatiles WANG Rui-di, WANG Shao-shan 2018, 55(9): 1656-1662.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1047KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to screen out volatiles that have attractive properties to the P. brevitarsis adult.【Method】The olfactory responses of female and male adults to 10 host volatiles were determined by using " Y" olfactometer.【Result】There was a significant difference in behavioral responses to different volatiles in the adult P. brevitarsis, and the male and female adult olfactory responses of the same kind volatiles had some differences. P. brevitarsis female had strong positive tropism for furfural, linalool, 1-octene-3 alcohol and hexanol; and the P. brevitarsis male exhibited positive tropism for linalool, 1-octen-3-ol, hexanol, E-2-hexenol and hexanal.【Conclusion】Linalool, 1-octen-3-ol, and hexanol may be the composition of the plant-driven attractant ofP. brevitarsis.

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Detection of Extracellular Enzymes of Antagonizing Cotton Verticillium wilt Bacteria and Determination of Enzyme Activity LI Xue-yan, ZHANG Tao, YANG Hong-mei, CHU Ming, GAO Yan, ZENG Jun, HUO Xiang-dong, ZHANG Tao, LIN Qing, Mahemuti Outikuer, LI Yu-guo, LOU Kai, SHI Ying-wu 2018, 55(9): 1663-1673.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1768KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate species of fungal cell wall degrading enzymes of Bacillus vanillea SMT-24, Bacillus velezensis BHZ-29, Bacillus subtilis SHT-15 and Bacillus atrophaeus SHZ-24 strains in the hope of providing basis for the study of the mechanism of four antagonistic bacteria and their application in agriculture.【Method】The chitinase, protease, glucanase, and cellulase enzymes from four antagonistic bacteria were preliminarily determined by the plate transparent circle method; the chitinase activity, cellulase activity, and Glucanase activity were quantified by DNS method, and protease activity were quantified by Folin-phenol. 【Result】The transparent circle method showed that: SMT-24 strain produced protease, glucanase and cellulase, BHZ-29 strain produced protease, cellulase and glucanase, SHT-15 strain produced protease, glucanase and cellulase and SHZ-24 strain produced chitinase, protease and glucanase; the results of DNS method and Folin-Phenol method showed that during the fermentation, the total enzyme activity first increased and then decreased, and the number of logarithmic growth phases of bacteria was the same as the growth trend of enzyme activity (except that the enzyme activity was lower than 3.00 IU); Among the four antagonistic enzyme activities, SHZ-24 strain produced the highest chitinase activity, with the highest activity of (12.37±0.15) IU, the protease activity of SHZ-24 was the highest, with the highest value of (24.22±0.45) IU, the highest glucanase activity was observed in SMT-24 and SHT-15 strains, the highest enzyme activities were (12.29±0.23) IU and (12.07±0.59) IU, respectively, SMT-24 produced the highest cellulase activity and the highest enzymatic activity was (6.43±0.24) IU.【Conclusion】The four antagonistic bacteria produced chitinase, glucanase, cellulase and protease, the enzyme activity first increased and then decreased during fermentation time. In the bacterial logarithmic phase, there was a positive correlation between enzyme activity and bacterial count. (except that enzyme activity was lower than 3.00 IU).

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Development and Application of PCR for Detection of Alternaria alternata Causing Jujube Black Spot in Aksu BAI Jian-yu, BI Si-jin, SONG Feng-hui, SHI Yan- jiang 2018, 55(9): 1674-1681.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1086KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this project is to develop a molecular detection method of jujube black spot in order to carry out the detection and analysis of field infection dynamic of jujube black spot, so that we can find the optimal time for disease prevention and lay the foundation for the efficient control of the jujube black spot.【Method】The molecular detection technique was established by using unconcealed specific primers of black spot pathogen (Alternaria alternata) HSP70 gene after the sensitivity test by PCR technology and optimized reaction system. The infection dynamic of jujube black spot and the overwinter sites were detected and determined using the molecular detection technique. 【Result】The test results showed that the lowest detection concentration of the jujube black spot pathogen was 4.886 pg/μL and the pathogen could be detected before the symptoms appearance. Meanwhile, the overwintering sites of pathogen could be detected and validated by using this molecular detection technique. Thus, it was proved that the soil surface, diseased leaves, and diseased fruit are the main overwintering sites of jujube black spot.【Conclusion】The established technology can quickly and accurately detect and identify the pathogen, and can be applied to the field infection dynamics of jujube black spot pathogen and the monitoring and verification of the overwintering site. It has provided technical support for epidemic monitoring and early prevention and control of jujube black spot in Aksu area.

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Identification of Pathogenic Fungi That Infect Leaves and Fruits of Jujube Sajidamu Aizezi, Mahemutijiang MIjiti, ZHAO Zhi-qiang, XU Tai-bai, GUO Qing-yuan 2018, 55(9): 1682-1688.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1279KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to clarify the recent occurrence of a species of pathogenic fungi that is closely related to Jujube mosaic disease in Xinjiang.【Method】The pathogen was identified by collecting disease samples, isolating pathogenic bacteria, recovering syndromes, morphological observation and rDNA-ITS sequence alignment.【Result】The spore strains were isolated by some significant mosaic and brown leaf spot samples and abnormal fruit samples. After inoculation of jujube leaves and young fruits with acupuncture, brown necrotic spots similar to the field symptoms were found, and the pathogenicity of them to the leaves and fruits of jujube was determined. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were basically the same as that of Peyronellaea glomerata, and the homology between the rDNA-ITS sequence of three isolates and that of Peyronellaea glomerata was 99%.【Conclusion】On the basis of morphological and ITS sequence information, the pathogen of the new disease of jujube was identified as Peyronellaea glomerata in Xinjiang.

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Detection and Investigation of Four Strawberry Viruses in Xinjiang Region YANG Bo, ZHAO Bao-long, HAO Xiao-jun, DU Ye-juan, HE Wang 2018, 55(9): 1689-1697.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1163KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the origin and occurrence of strawberry virus disease in Xinjiang, and to establish a multiplex RT-PCR detection system for main virus pathogens in the hope of providing theoretical and technical support for the plant production of virus-free strawberry.【Method】According to the 4 pairs of reported specific primers of the 4 species viral disease, 450 strawberry samples with suspected viral diseases symptoms were collected from the different main planting areas in Xinjiang, all the samples were tested by single reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex RT-PCR to analyze the occurrence characteristics of strawberry virus diseases.【Result】The results showed that there were 3 main viruses of SVBV (Strawberry vein banding virus), SMoV (Strawberry mottle virus) and SMYEV (Strawberry mild yellow edge virus), which could be detected from the samples from 15 different cultivation areas in northern and southern Xinjiang and the virus detection rate was above 26% in each collection area. The total detection rate of the virus in all samples was 64.22%, among which, the detection rate of SVBV was the highest (51.78), the detection rate of SmoV was 23.78 and strawberry of SMYEV was 9.33%.Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) was not detected. The complex infection phenomenon showed that co-infections were up to 18.45%, the detection rate of combined infection of two viruses was 16.67% and the detection rate of combined infection of three kinds of viruses was up to 1.78%. The results of multiplex RT-PCR for three viruses in all samples are consistent with the results of single RT-PCR detection.【Conclusion】Currently the primary viral disease in strawberry growing areas in Xinjiang is caused by SVBV, SMoV and SMYEV and the infection rate of one single virus and two or more viruses are relatively hight. Therefore, so it is necessary to strengthen virus detection in the cultivation and production of virus-free seedlings.

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Relationships between Fungi Diversity, Physicochemical Properties and Verticillium Wilt in Continuous Cropping Cotton Rhizosphere Soil with Cotton Stover Biochar GU Mei-ying, XU Wan-li, ZHANG Zhi-dong, TANG Guang-mu, LIU Hong-liang, LI Zhi-qiang, LIU Xiao-wei, PU Sheng-hai, FENG Lei, ZHANG Ji-feng 2018, 55(9): 1698-1709.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1390KB) ( )   【Objective】 The method of cotton stover incorporation directly affects the physicochemical properties, soil microbial characteristics and occurrence of soil-borne diseases under cotton cultivation, so this project aims to study relationships between continuous cropping cotton rhizosphere soil fungi community diversity and soil physicochemical properties and Verticillium wilt disease in the hope of providing scientific basis and theoretical guidance for rational utilization of cotton stover biochar and the prevention and control of continuous cropping barrier of cotton.【Method】In this study, field trials were conducted to examine the effects of cotton stover biochar on the physicochemical properties, fungal communities, and occurrence of Verticillium wilt disease over 2 years in soil under continuous cotton cropping in Xinjiang, China. The experiment was a factorial design with the four treatments: 1) normal fertilizer with cotton stover removed (NPK); 2) normal fertilizers with powdered cotton stover returned to fields (NPKS); 3) normal fertilizer plus cotton stover biochar applied at 22.50 t/hm2 (NPKB1); and 4) normal fertilizer plus cotton stover biochar applied at 45.00 t/hm2 (NPKB2).【Result】Compared with NPK and NPKS treatments, fungi diversity was significantly correlated with physicochemical properties in the NPKB1 and NPKB2 treatments. The 454 high-throughput fungal DNA sequencing data showed that the NPKB2 treatment significantly reduced soil fungal diversity in the soil under continuous cotton cropping. As compared to NPK treatments, OTU abundance of fungal decreased by 15.63% and 46.25%(P<0.05)in NPKS and NPKB2 treatments, the Shannon index decreased by 11.81% and 65.40%. Different dosage of cotton stover biochar had a great influence on the number of Ascomycota and Zygomycota, but the number of mycorrhizal fungi was decreased. Analysis of microbial populations at the genus level revealed that the pathogenic fungi, including Gibberella, Fusarium and Verticillium wilt significantly decreased under the NPKB2 treatment. Compared with NPK and NPKS treatments, the NPKB1 and NPKB2 treatments significantly increased soil organic matter (OM), available K and N, whereas available P decreased in the soil. Cotton stover biochar had no significant effect on soil pH, but significantly increased soil electrical conductivity. In RDA analysis, OM and AN were important environmental factors affecting the community structure of soil fungi in cotton rhizosphere. In RDA analysis, OM and AN were important environmental factors affecting the community structure of soil fungi in cotton rhizosphere. Compared with NPK and NPKS treatments, the NPKB1 treatment increased the incidence and disease index of Verticillium wilt. For NPKB2 treatment, no significant decrease was found in the incidence of Verticillium wilt; however, the disease index declined by 2.2% and 15.0%, respectively.【Conclusion】This study showed that cotton stover biochar reduced fungal diversity and the number of Verticillium wilt in rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping cotton, and increased soil nutrient content. Although the incorporation of cotton stover biochar did not significantly lower the incidence of cotton Verticillium wilt but tended to relieve the disease severity.

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Effects of Different Ways of Returning Cotton Straw to the Field on the Growth and Yield of Cotton LIU Hui-fang, TANG Guang-mu, SUN Ning-chuan, QIN Bei, FENG Lei, XU Wan-li 2018, 55(9): 1710-1716.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1282KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to explore the effects of different returning ways of cotton straw to the field on the growth and yield of cotton in the hope of providing a 'prescription' for farmers and a scientific basis for technique of straw returning.【Method】6 treatments were designed,under the field cultivation condition, respectively: 1. CK: NPK + straw removing; 2. S: NPK + straw returning; 3. M: NPK + manure (1.5 t/667 m2); 4. 1.5Bc: NPK + biochar (1.5 t/667 m2); 5. MBc: NPK + biochar + manure (respectivily,1.5 t/667 m2); 6. 3.0Bc: NPK + biochar (3.0 t/667 m2). Growth indicators, yield and biomass of cotton, and indicators of soil were determined at the later stage of cotton growth.【Result】Compared with straw removal of (CK), the plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and leaf width of cotton plant were increased by 8.89%, 11.86%, 11.82% and 11.39% respectively. The yield was increased by the combination of organic fertilizer and carbonization, which were 43.06% and 37.01%, respectively, followed by 1.5Bc and 3.0Bc, both of which significantly increased cotton yield by 18.15% and 30.25%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation of aboveground part was increased by 3.0t carbonization treatment, and reached 34.94%. The direct pulverization of straw was the biggest increase in underground area, which was 62.92%. The increase of saturated water content and field water capacity and the decrease of soil bulk density in 3.0tBc treatment were 11.03%, 10.02% and 4.77%, respectively.【Conclusion】In conclusion, Returning organic fertilizer to field, carbonization and its combined application can effectively promote cotton growth, increase cotton dry matter accumulation, increase yield and improve soil properties.

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Optimization of cellulase production by Aspergillus niger ZD using solid fermentation of cotton straw GUO Kai, CUI Wei-dong, WANG Ning, HOU Min, BAO Hui-fang, FANG Shi-jie 2018, 55(9): 1717-1727.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1396KB) ( )   【Objective】 Optimization of cellulase production by Aspergillus niger ZD using solid fermentation, using cotton straw as a fermentation substrate.【Method】Identify the main influencing factors by single factor test and Plackett-Burman test, as optimization factor of the ratio of cotton straw and corn flour, fermtation time, inoculation rate, water content and pH value under solid fermentation conditions. Then determines the optimization center point through the steepest climbing test, finally the influence of main influencing factors and their interactions on enzyme production was determined by Box-Behnken center combination design under solid fermentation, and regression analysis of the main influences.【Result】Identify the main influences of the ratio of cotton straw and corn flour, inoculation rate and water content by single factor test and Plackett-Burman test; dedetermines the optimization center point of 4∶1 of cotton straw-corn flour ratio, 10% of inoculation rate, 60% of water content; the optimal fermentation conditions was 4.4∶1 of cotton straw-corn flour ratio, 8.12% of inoculation rate, 65% of water content by Box-Behnken center combination tests.The maximum carboxymethylcellulose sodium enzyme activity under this condition was 310.885 U/mL, which was 49.8% higher than the enzyme activity 207.496 U/mL under unoptimized conditions. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the optimal fermentation conditions of cellulase production by Aspergillus niger ZD using cotton straw solid fermentation was obtain. The results can be used to make cotton straw fermented feed using bacteria mixed, to degradate cellulose content of cotton straw and provide theoretical basis and process parameters.

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Split-Plot Design for Optimizing Compatibility of Biological Pesticide with Melanin and Effect on Cotton Yield ZHU Jing, ZHANG Zhi-dong, LIU Xiao-jing, TANG Qi-yong, WANG Bo, GU Mei-ying, SONG Su-qin, WANG Wei, ZHANG Li-juan 2018, 55(9): 1728-1736.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1126KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the photoprotective effect of natural melanin on biological pesticides, promote efficiency and decrease consumption of biological pesticides. 【Method】Melanin broth was obtained by fermentation of Aureobasidium pullulans MF1. Under plot experiment conditions, a split-plot design was conducted to optimize compatibility with the concentration of biological pesticides as the main treatment and melanin concentration as the secondary treatment, and the effect on cotton yield was analyzed.【Result】When the dosage was optimized as follows: Bt 25 g, avermectin 5 mL, propoxybromide 12.5 g and melanin 2.5 g per mu, the maximum killing rate of aphid and the highest yield of cotton were obtained with 97.7% and 14.3 kg per plot, respectively. The results were significantly higher than that of the control plot. 【Conclusion】Melanin broth fermented by MF1 can not only decrease consumption of biological pesticides, but also increase the yield of cotton. It has provided scientific basis for further application of natural melanin in biological pesticides.

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Dynamic Research on the Edible Forage Production of Main Grassland Types in Shaertao Mountain, Xinjiang ZHANG Fan-fan, YANG Kai-hu, YU Lei, LU Wei-hua, YANG Guo-lin, HE Hai-xiu 2018, 55(9): 1737-1746.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1163KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to fully understand and grasp the dynamic changes of main grassland types on edible grass yield in Shaertao mountain. The five main grassland types in the vertical-area grassland were studied. 【Method】The grassland type Stipa capillata + Achnatherum splendensgrassland, Iris ruthenica + Phleum phleoides grassland, Dactylis glomerata+ herarum varianum grassland, Alchemilla sibirica+ herarum varianum grassland and Kobresia capillifolia + Carex stenocarpa grassland, and the serial number was from type I to type V, respectively.Dynamic analysis on the total yield of each grassland type, forage yield of dominant species and grass yield of economic groups was carried out.【Result】The results showed that, on the grassland type I, the total forage grass and S. capillata yield was the highest in September and October. The yield of Gramineous forage grass was the highest in September. The yield of Leguminosae forage grass was the highest in June. The yield of herarum varianum forage grass was the highest in August. On the grassland type II, the yield of I. ruthenica forage grass was the highest in July. The yield of Gramineous forage grass was the highest in September. The total forage yield, eguminosae and herarum varianum forage grass yield were the highest in August. On the grassland type III, the yield of Leguminosae and herarum varianum forage grass was the highest in July. The D. glomerata, Gramineous and total forage grass yield was the highest in August. On the grassland type IV, the A. sibirica and total forage grass yield was the highest in July. The yield of Leguminosae and herarum varianum forage grass was the highest in August. On the grassland type V, the K. capillifolia, Gramineous and total forage grass yield was the highest in July. The yield of herarum varianum forage grass was the highest in August.【Conclusion】The rank of total annual output of the grassland types was type III > type II > type I > type IV > type V. The highest edible forage was D. glomerata+ herarum varianum type (12,080.1 kg/hm2), which are the most suitable for summer and autumn pasture grazing here.

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Adventitious Bud Induction and Multiplication of Assimilation Branch from the Halophyte Salicornia europaea FENG Xiao-li, LI Xue-wen, WANG Yan 2018, 55(9): 1747-1754.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1288KB) ( )   【Objective】 To establish and confirm the culture system and medium of assimilation branch for the adventitious shoots induction and proliferation from the halophyte Salicornia europaea.【Method】MS medium was used as the basic medium to induce the adventitious buds of S.europaea by adding different concentration hormones (TDZ, NAA, 6-BA) and salt (NaCl) to screen the optimum hormone ratio and salt concentration. In the later stage, we set different concentration of cytokinin TDZ (0, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 2.5 mg/L) to determine the optimal proliferation culture medium of adventitious buds in S.europaea.【Result】The results showed that the induction rate of adventitious buds in the medium of MS3 (2.0 mg/L TDZ, 0.1 mg/L NAA) containing 200 mM NaCl was 32.4%, which was significantly higher than those of other groups (P <0.05) and acted as the most appropriate induction of adventitious bud culture medium. The regenerated adventitious buds were cultured in a medium containing 2.0 mg/LTDZ for 30-40 days, and the multiplication rate of adventitious buds reached 619.5%. Both optimum media for adventitious bud induction and proliferation of S. europaea were MS+2.0 mg/L TDZ+0.1 mg/L NAA+200 mM NaCl.【Conclusion】It can be seen that different concentrations of TDZ, NAA and NaCl can effectively induce adventitious buds and promote the proliferation of adventitious buds through the direct organogenesis pathway.

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Time Series Variation, Risk Characteristics and Influential Factors of Cotton Market Price DING Jian-guo, MU Yue-ying 2018, 55(9): 1755-1762.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.09.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1186KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the characteristics of cotton price fluctuations and its main influential factors, grasp the mechanism and laws of cotton price fluctuations, and provide reasonable reference for scientifically measuring cotton market risks as well as improving cotton price formation mechanisms and cotton market risk management.【Method】Based on the monthly price of cotton (seed cotton) in China's market from January 2000 to November 2017, this paper first analyzes the temporal variation characteristics of cotton market price by using statistical method. Then EGARCH-X-M model is used to analyze the risk characteristics of cotton price fluctuation and its influencing factors.【Result】The estimate value of ρ in mean equation is 0.185, the estimate value of β in conditional variance equation is 0.860, and the estimate value of γ is -0.608. These results show that the cotton price variation appeard periodicity, clustering, asymmetric and negative leverage effects. There was significantly positive correlation between cotton market volatility and its price, as well as between the price returns and market volatility. That was, the higher the expected price, the greater the risk of volatility, while the greater the risk of volatility, the higher the expected compensation for price returns.【Conclusion】The serial reforms of the cotton price policy and exogenous shocks such as the financial crisis are the main causes of the periodic structural changes in the price fluctuations in the cotton market. When the cotton price formation is dominated by the market mechanism and the price risk management measures are completed, the cotton market price volatility tends to be flat, whereas the cotton market price fluctuations have structural changes; in addition, serious exogenous shocks such as the international financial crisis will make extreme changes appear in the cotton market environment, which no doubt will structurally increase the risk of cotton price fluctuations.