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20 July 2021, Volume 58 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology·Physiology and Biochenistry
Chemical Fertilizer Pesticide Application Reduction for Cotton
Horticultural Special Local Products·Microbes·Prataculture


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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology·Physiology and Biochenistry

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Effects of Water Deficit in Flowering and Boll-setting Period on Boll Development and Yield in Different Fruit Branches DOU Qiaoqiao, ZHANG Weitao, CHEN Xiuling, HE Qingyu, DAI Jianmin, DUAN Songjiang, ZHANG Jusong 2021, 58(7): 1177-1186.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1805KB) ( )   【Objective】 The changes of boll size (diameter, length, volume), dry weight of each component (boll shell, fiber, seed) and yield of fruit branches of different parts during flowering and boll-setting period were studied, and the relationship between water deficit treatment and boll index was also studied, so as to provide a reference for drip irrigation when water supply was insufficient in flowering and boll-setting period of machine harvesting.【Methods】 Taking Xinluzao 50 and Xinluzao 73 as materials, 3 drip irrigation quantities were set in flowering and boll-setting period: 2,450 m3/hm2 (CK), 2,050 m3/hm2 (D1) and 1 650 m3/hm2 (D2). Cotton bolls from the 2nd, 5th and 7th fruit branches were taken every 7 days from 17 days after flowering, and the size and dry weight of each component were determined for a total of 5 times.【Results】 The length, diameter and volume of boll of fruit branches in different parts of the two varieties reached their maximum at 24 d after flowering. The boll diameters of middle and upper fruit branches of Xinluzao 50 decreased by 2.92% - 4% and 2.21% - 5.35%, respectively, on 45 days after flowering, D1 and D2. Xinluzao 73 decreased by 2.66% - 6.38% and 2.77% - 8.69%, respectively. The dry weight of each component of boll of the two varieties was cotton seed > fiber > boll shell, and boll shell, cotton fiber and seed weight reached the maximum at 24, 38 and 38 days after flowering, respectively. On the 45th day after flowering, the cotton seed weight of the middle and upper fruit branches of the two varieties treated with D1 and D2 was significantly different from that of the control group. The cotton seed weight of the middle and upper fruit branches of the two varieties decreased by 8.9% - 20.71% and 11.53% - 20.73%, respectively. Xinluzao 73 decreased by 8.96% - 16.24% and 10.21% - 17.06%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between seed yield and seed weight per plant. The yield of seed cotton on the lower, middle and upper branches of Xinluzao 50 decreased by 12.5%, 13.48% and 15.67%, respectively. Xinluzao 73 fell by 12.69%, 11.9% and 18.21%, respectively.【Conclusion】 Boll diameter of middle and upper fruit branches is an important factor affecting boll dry weight. The water deficit was unfavorable to the development of cotton fiber and seed, and affected the seed of middle and upper fruit branches greatly. D1 processing and control branch into different parts of bell number and seed cotton yield difference was not significant, therefore, 2,050 m3/hm2 (D1) can be used as a response to water supply shortage reference drip irrigation during flowering and boll-setting period.

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Effects of Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Components under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments ER Chen, LIN Tao, WANG Jiayong, XU Yanjun, XU Gaoyu, XIA Wen, TANG Qiuxiang 2021, 58(7): 1187-1196.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1003KB) ( )   【Objective】 Effects of Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Components under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments.【Method】 The field test was designed with split zone test, and two regulating factors of irrigation and fertilization were set up. Among them, irrigation was the main area, fertilization is the secondary area, all of which had three gradients: the irrigation amount 2,250 m3/hm2(non-sufficientirrigation amount), 3,450 m3/hm2(medium irrigation amount, traditional experience irrigation amount CK), 4,650 m3/hm2, (saturatedirrigation amount) denoted by W1,W2 and W3, respectively. The deputy area of nitrogen (pure N), 0(N1, no fertilizer), 300(N2, conventional fertilization, CK), 600(N3, excess fertilization, 200% CK).【Result】 Irrigation amount and fertilizer application amount could promote plant growth and yield composition to some extent, and the increase of irrigation amount and fertilizer application amount could significantly increase plant height, leaf number and boll setting rate. In terms of dry matter accumulation, increasing the amount of irrigation could significantly increase the total amount of dry matter accumulation, and increasing the amount of fertilization mainly promoted the earlier accumulation of dry matter into economic organs. The yield increased by 23.2% - 31.4% by increasing irrigation and 12.5% - 17.6% by increasing nitrogen fertilizer.【Conclusion】 It was found that the coupling effect of water and nitrogen had significant effects on the single boll weight, seed cotton yield and lint yield of cotton. That water and nitrogen optimization strategies can improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce water and fertilizer input, and maintain the stability of yield.

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Preliminary Evaluation of Insect Resistance of 47 Main Corn Varieties in Xinjiang Corn Producing Area Kuerbannisa Aobulikasimu, WANG JUN, WANG Zhihui, DING Xinhua, JIA Zunzun, FU Kaiyun, Arziguli Rouzi, Tursun Ahmat , HE Jiang, FENG Hongzu, GUO Wenchao 2021, 58(7): 1197-1206.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (834KB) ( )   【Objective】 Corn borer has become one of the most prominent plant protection problems restricting the development of Xinjiang corn industry. The project aims to carry out screening and evaluation of corn borer (corn borer) varieties in the hope of providng important alternative measures for corn borer green control and pest control.【Method】 Through comparative analysis of the first-generation corn borer and the second-generation corn borer in the field, the amount of eggs laid by a hundred plants, the number of larvae on a hundred plants, the length of worms and the percentage of damaged plants in the field, 47 main corn plants in Xinjiang varieties in resistance to stem borers were evaluated.【Result】 There were significant differences in insect resistance of the main corn varieties tested. Among them, 16W2T118 had the least damage in the field and the best resistance to insects. The amount of larvae per 100 plants, the length of the worm path per 100 stems, and the rate of damaged plants were 25 /100 rods, 90 cm/100 rods, 20%, followed by Huamei No. 1, DK517, Jiushenghe 692, which had better resistance to borers. The amount of larvae per 100 plants, the length of the worm path and the rate of infected plants were 40 head/hundred rods, 265 cm/hundred rods, 40%, 50 heads/hundred rods, 245 cm/hundred rods, 40%, 60 heads/hundred rods, 250 cm/hundred rods, 45%. Varieties such as Wugu 310, KWS6333, Fuyou 968 and Ningyu 525 had general resistance to stem borers. For Jinqing 202, the damage was the most serious and the insect resistance level was the lowest. The amount of larvae per 100 plants, the long path of damage per 100 rods, and the rate of damaged plants were 195 heads/100 rods, 875 cm/100 rods, and 90%. In addition, varieties such as Jinqing 1 and Xinyu 29 had poorer resistance to stem borers.【Conclusion】 Among the 47 tested varieties, 16W2T118, DK517, Jiushenghe 692, Huamei 1 and other varieties have excellent comprehensive insect resistance performance, while Jinqing 1 and Xinyu 29 have poor insect resistance, so in production, it is recommended that priority be given to planting varieties with better resistance to stem borers and planting varieties with poor resistance avoided, through which, the natural control of corn borers will be better realized, the application of chemical pesticides reduced, and the sustainable and healthy development of the corn industry remained to be improved in our region.

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Analysis of Spectral Change of Cotton During Growth Period Based on Endmember Extraction of UAV Hyperspectral Image LONG Xiang, ZHAO Qingzhan, WANG Xuewen, MA Yongjian, JIANG Ping 2021, 58(7): 1207-1216.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1534KB) ( )   【Objective】 Studying the trend of reflection spectrum in the time series of cotton growth cycle is of great significance for cotton growth monitoring.【Method】 In order to obtain the spectrum curve of cotton at different growth stages and its changing rule. In this paper, a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) M600 PRO carrying a Rikola hyperspectral imager was used to collect a total of five periods of cotton hyperspectral data from flowering period to later period. Moguhu village, Shawan county, Tacheng district, Xinjiang (85°51'49.44' E, 44°25'26.61' N) was selected as the study area. We collected hyperspectral data between 12 and 14 noon. UAV flied 3 sorties per period, flying at altitudes of 60, 80 and 100 m respectively.And the flight time of each sortie was about 13 minutes. Meanwhile, SR-3500 portable spectrometer was used to collect cotton canopy spectral data on the ground for verification.The acquired hyperspectral data of UAV were preprocessed by lens halo correction, dark current correction, band registration, image Mosaic, and reflectivity correction, etc. Finally we got usable hyperspectral images.The pixel purity index(PPI) endmember extraction algorithm and the N-FINDR endmember extraction algorithm were used to extract the cotton spectrum curve from the UAV hyperspectral images. Then, the spectral curve collected by the SR-3500 spectrometer on the ground was taken as the standard. Spectral angle mapping(SAM) was used as the evaluation index to verify the endmember extraction effect.【Result】 The results showed that The spectral angles of the spectral curves which extracted by the N-FINDR algorithm in the hyperspectral images at 60, 80 and 100 m altitude were 0.065,8, 0.065,9 and 0.067,7. It was closer to the SR-3500 spectrometer data than the results of the PPI algorithm. N-FINDR algorithm could better extract small sample endmember. The spatial resolution change caused by the variation of altitude below 100m has little impact on the reflection spectrum, with the result difference was less than 2%. Analyzeing to the spectrum curve of cotton in different growth stages, the absorption valley and red edge reached the peak value on July 18.The maximum values of NDVI and RVI reached 0.841,7 and 11.630,5 on July 11, while the maximum values of EVI, DVI and OSAVI reached 0.818,9, 0.501,3 and 0.501,2 on July 18.【Conclusion】 The N-FINDR endmember extraction algorithm can extract the cotton spectral curve from the cotton hyperspectral image.100 m is the better altitude of UAV data acquisition.The photosynthesis of cotton at its peak in july. The strong absorption of red light and the strong reflection of near infrared wave band are the most obvious during peak flowering period and bell period. This paper can provide reference for crop growth monitoring based on UAV remote sensing.

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Effects of Potato Straw Biochar on Soil Water Infiltration and Evaporation MA Gui, HAN Xinning, ZHAO Wenxia, CAO Jiangping, LIU Ting, YANG Hongbin 2021, 58(7): 1217-1224.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1313KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of biochar on soil water transport and nitrogen in the mountainous area of southern Ningxia.【Methods】 Soil columns experiment was used to investigate the effects of potato straw biochar on typical soil water infiltration process, evaporation characteristics and nitrate leaching in southern Ningxia Mountains. There were six treatments with different active contents of carbon:0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5% and 6%.【Results】 The migration rate of wetting front and cumulative infiltration amount of mountain meadow soil was decreased after the biochar addition, dark loessial soil increased to a certain degree and then declined. Philip infiltration model was suiTable for the simulation of mountain meadow soil water infiltration process under biochar treatments, Kostiakov infiltration model was suiTable for the simulation of dark loessial soil water infiltration process under biochar treatments. During the successive evaporation of 33 days, biochar addition had significant effects on the cumulative evaporation in mountain meadow soil and dark loessial soil, there were extremely significant power function relationships between the cumulative evaporation and time under different rates of biochar treatments; The loss of nitrate nitrogen (NO-3-N) in the two soils showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and then strengthening with the increase of biochar addition, and the decrease was the smallest at 1% and the largest at 6%.【Conclusion】 The application of potato biochar can improve the soil water holding capacity and reduce the loss of nitrate nitrogen.

Chemical Fertilizer Pesticide Application Reduction for Cotton

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Diagnosis of Nitrogen Nutrition and Recommended Model of Topdressing for Transplanting Cotton after Wheat Harvest in Jianghan Plain TAN Jinghong, WU Qixia, ZHU Jianqiang, SHE Zihao, KE Xinyao, MA Hongyu 2021, 58(7): 1225-1235.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1937KB) ( )   【Objective】 To establish topdressing models based on the appropriate nitrogen diagnostic indices for transplanted cotton following wheat harvest in Jianghan Plain with the view of providing the basis for cotton nitrogen accurate management.【Methods】 A field plot experiment was carried out with different nitrogen application rates (0, 90, 180, 270, 360, 450 kg/hm2) in 2019, the relationships between SPAD value (SPAD) in the fourth leaf from the top, the nitrate content (NIT) of petiole, 24 hyperspectral parameters and nitrogen application rate at early stage were analyzed in budding, flowering and boll-forming stages, and the appropriate nitrogen diagnostic indices of transplanted cotton following wheat harvest in high yield field of Jianghan Plain were determined, and the recommended models of topdressing were established combined with nitrogen effect function.【Results】 The results showed that the SPAD and NIT increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application, but no significant increase was observed when the nitrogen application increased to 360kg/hm2 (excluding the NIT in bud stage), and the reflection peak formed in the green light band of the canopy spectrum slowed down with the increase of nitrogen application. The SPAD, NIT, and the 2 hyperspectral parameters (RSI and mND705) were all significantly related to nitrogen application rate at early stage (R2 was higher than 0.8, RMSE was lower than 1), which could be used as the appropriate nitrogen diagnostic indices of transplanted cotton following wheat harvest in high yield field of Jianghan Plain. With the 95% of the potential yield as the critical yield, the critical values of nitrogen diagnostic indices of SPAD, NIT, RSI and mND705 were 34.802, 2.307, 1.526 and 0.549 in budding stage respectively, and the critical values were 34.841, 4.174, 1.589 and 0.619 in flowering and boll-forming stage respectively.【Conclusion】 According to the unary quadratic relationship between the appropriate nitrogen diagnostic indices and nitrogen application rate at early stage, the total nitrogen application rate during the whole growth stage, a topdressing recommendation model based on the sui Table nitrogen diagnostic indices is established in the bud stage or the flowering and boll-forming stage.

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Effects of Continuous Fixed-Point and Quantitative Nitrogen Application on Canopy Light Distribution and Yield of Cotton in Blossing and Boll-Forming Stages MA Yunzhen, DONG Helin, LI Ling, LI Pengcheng, ZHENG Cangsong, LI Chunmei, WAN Sumei, XU Wenxiu, WANG Fang, ZHANG Na 2021, 58(7): 1236-1245.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1709KB) ( )   【Objective】 To reveal the regularity of canopy light distribution and photosynthetic diurnal variation in continuous fixed-point quantitative nitrogen application cotton during boll period and its influence on yield.【Method】 Three fertilization treatments were carried out continuously without nitrogen application 0(N0), continuous medium nitrogen 270 (N270), continuous high nitrogen 450 (N450) kg/hm2 to analyze effects of continuous nitrogen application on cotton agronomic traits, canopy structure, canopy spatial distribution during flower-bell stage, diurnal variation of canopy during flower-bell stage, spatial distribution of cotton boll and yield.【Result】 Cotton plant height, fruit branch number, single boll weight and boll number per plant of continuous nitrogen application treatment were higher than those of non nitrogen treatment, and there were significant effects, but there was no significant difference between nitrogen application treatments. At 10:00-19:00 of flowering and boll stage, PAR interception rate of cotton canopy in different treatments was V-shaped with the center of row spacing as the valley bottom. When the PAR interception rates of cotton population were 0.75-0.9, the light distribution sites of no nitrogen treatment were at the height of 1-4 fruit branches, and the PAR transmittance was still 0.25-0.1, and N450 treatment was located above the height of 7 fruit branches, so that the light resources under the 7 fruit branches were little, resulting in serious boll dropping; the PAR light interception of N270 treatment at 7 fruit branches and above was still 0.5-0.9, and in the first fruit branch at 0.9-1, cotton population showed a good light environment. The diurnal variation of photosynthesis, transpiration rate (TR) and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (CI) of cotton in flowering and boll stage were higher than those in non nitrogen treatment, but there was no significant difference among nitrogen application treatments, and stomatal limiting value (LS) was just the opposite. The results showed that the increase of nitrogen application could obviously slow down the phenomenon of midday depression of photosynthesis, but the degree of slowing down of photosynthetic midday depression of cotton with high nitrogen application rate decreased, and after reaching the second peak, the decreasing trend of net photosynthetic rate (PN) was almost consistent with that of N270 treatment. Leaf water use efficiency (WUE) without nitrogen treatment after 16:00 decreased rapidly with time, and was gradually lower than that of nitrogen treatment. The highest yield of seed cotton in N270 was 4 835.67 kg/hm2, which was 7.25% and 5.44% higher than those of N0 and N450, respectively.【Conclusion】 Continuous nitrogen application at 270 kg/hm2 can obtain better cotton population canopy structure, which is beneficial to the light distribution, improve the efficiency of light energy utilization and obtain higher yield.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Nutrition Uptake and Utilization, Yield and Fiber Quality of Cotton GUO Xiaoyan, SUN Guilan, XIONG Shiwu, CHEN Huanxuan, HAN Yingchun, WANG Guoping, LI Cundong, LI Yabing, ZHANG Yongjiang, WANG Zhanbiao 2021, 58(7): 1246-1254.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1019KB) ( )   【Objective】 The research aims to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rates on cotton yield, nutrient uptake and distribution, nitrogen utilization rate and fiber quality with the view of proving theoretical basis for rational nitrogen application in cotton production.【Method】 Four nitrogen application levels (0, 112.5, 168.75 and 225 kg/hm2, expressed by CK, N1, N2 and N3 respectively) were established using cotton variety CCRI 60 in the field during 2018 and 2019. During the boll-opening period, plant samples were collected and separated into stem, leaf and reproductive organs, the dry matter quality, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation were investigated, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and cotton yield were calculated.【Result】 The results showed that when the amounts of applied N were ranged from 0-225 kg/hm2, the cotton yield increased with the increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Applying nitrogen fertilizer could increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the boll-opening stage of cotton. When the amounts of applied N ranged from 0-168.75 kg/hm2, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake of cotton plant increased with the increasing nitrogen application rates. The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was the highest with the amounts of applied N of 112.5 kg/hm2. The nitrogen application rates had no significant effect on cotton fiber quality index.【Conclusion】 Considering the yield, nitrogen utilization, nutrient uptake, distribution and utilization and fiber quality, the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer in cotton area of Yellow River Basin was 112.5-168.75 kg/hm2.

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Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Temporal-spatial Migration of Soil Moisture in Drip Irrigation Cotton Fiel WANG Jian, YANG Beifang, CHEN Huanxuan, LI Xin, FENG Lu, LEI Yaping, XIONG Shiwu, LI Xiaofei, WANG Zhanbiao, LI Yabing 2021, 58(7): 1255-1264.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1581KB) ( )   【Objective】 To compare and analyze the law of soil moisture movement in time and space dimension in the film-mulching and non-film drip irrigation cotton fields.【Method】 Film-mulching drip irrigation and non-film drip irrigation were used as experimental treatments. The 5TE soil moisture temperature sensors were used to collect soil moisture data during the whole growth period of cotton in real time, and software such as Voxler and Surfer were used to perform temporal-spatial interpolation, 3D visualization and slicing of the soil moisture grid data.【Result】 The overall soil moisture content of drip irrigation under film-mulching was higher than that of drip irrigation without mulch; In the vertical direction, the migration between the different depths of the drip irrigation under the mulch accelerated, and the soil moisture content increased with the increase of depth. The water content in the bottom soil (80-100 cm) was the largest, while the drip irrigation without mulching the soil moisture exchange was not active, and the moisture was mainly concentrated in the surface soil (0-20 cm); In the horizontal direction, there was no significant difference in the soil moisture content of the near root system and the far root system soil layer between the two treatments; In the time dimension, as the growth process of cotton advanced, the soil moisture content of drip irrigation under the mulch showed an overall upward trend. The rate of soil moisture loss before drip irrigation (June 20) was 3×10-4 m3/(m3·d), and maintained 30×10-4m3/(m3·d) from June 20 to August 11 (after drip irrigation), then increased to 30×10-4m3/(m3·d) from August 11 to August 26 (the last drip irrigation). After that, it was reduced to 30×10-4m3/(m3·d). For the soil moisture of the non-film drip irrigation treatment, it was relatively stable, and the water loss rate before drip irrigation was 0.7×10-4m3/(m3·d), and 10×10-4m3/(m3·d) after drip irrigation.【Conclusion】 The film-mulching treatment can make the soil moisture move down from the surface layer, and the bottom layer (80-100 cm) has the highest volume of water; while in the horizontal direction, there is no significant difference in soil moisture between the near-root side and the far-root side of the two treatments; in the time dimension, the film-mulching treatment increases the fluctuation of soil moisture in drip irrigation cotton fields, which increases the water extinction rate, while the non-film drip irrigation treatment keeps the water extinction rate stable. The results of this study provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the cotton precision irrigation and the filmless cotton cultivation technology.

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Application Effect of Membrane-free Cultivation Mode on Cotton Production under Machine-Picked Planting Mode in Southern Xinjiang XIN Minghua, WEI Hengling, YANG Beifang, LI Xiaofei, FAN Zhengyi, HAN Yingchun, LI Yabing, YU Shuxun 2021, 58(7): 1265-1274.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1204KB) ( )   【Objective】 Under the machine-harvesting planting mode, to study the effect of membraneless replacement with membrane on the growth, growth and yield of cotton, and to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield cultivation of membraneless cotton.【Method】 Using the selected new cotton line "Zhongmian 619" suitable for non-membrane cultivation as the test material, a random block arrangement test was used to set up a field contrast test with and without membrane to analyze the effect of the configuration with and without membrane on cotton The influence of growth period, leaf area index, light interception rate, dry matter accumulation and yield factors.【Results】 The growth period of non-membrane cotton was postponed by 9 days, and the leaf area index and light interception rate decreased by 8% and 7.16％, respectively. The start and end periods of dry matter accumulation under non-membrane treatment were both later than that of membrane-free cotton, and dry matter accumulation The duration and maximum rate of cotton were 3d and 0.714g/d lower than that of cotton with membrane, but the growth characteristic value was higher than that of cotton with membrane at 14.893g; the number of fruit branches and bolls in the treatment without membrane was significantly reduced, and the yield of seed cotton and lint cotton was higher than that of cotton. Membrane treatment is 6.73％　and 7.79％ lower, the difference is not significant, and the change of lint score is not obvious.【Conclusion】 Zhongmian 619 can completely plant cotton without mulching, and by optimizing cultivation measures, the loss of leaf area, biomass, light interception rate and yield of filmless cotton can be greatly reduced, and green cotton can be planted.

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Application and Modification of Recommended Nitrogen Application Model for SPAD Value of Cotton WU Xianglin, CHEN Baoyan, PU Shenghai, LI Pan, MA Honghong, NIU Xinxiang, YANG Tao, MA Xingwang 2021, 58(7): 1275-1281.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (820KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of the thesis is to provide scientific basis for the accuracy, universality and rationality of applying cotton SPAD method recommended fertilization model.【Methods】 This thesis establishes three treatments through field plot experiment: Determine recommended nitrogen application (N1) based on the SPAD value of cotton growth period; Determine recommended nitrogen application (N2) in line with the SPAD value of cotton leaf age (N2); Carry out recommended nitrogen application (N3) by following the local high yield model.The recommended nitrogen application model of SPAD value is modified through observing and comparing the variation features of SPAD value, yield composition index and so on.【Results】 It is y=0.090,3x+46.618, R2=0.855 for the correlation between N1 treatment and SPAD value; and is y=0.108,6x+48.666, R2=0.765 for the correlation between N2 treatment and SPAD value, in which the correlation between nitrogen recovery and SPAD value of N1 treatment was higher than that of N2 treatment. No significant difference in the effect of nitrogen recovery amount on yield between the treatment of N1 recommended by M1 and the treatment of N2 recommended by M2; The nitrogen recovery amount 417.45 kg/hm2 of of N1 is higher than local high-yield nitrogen recovery amount, and the 285.40 kg/hm2 of N2 is lower than the local high-yield nitrogen recovery amount, while the yield of N1 and N2 is obviously lower than that of local high yield. During each growth period of cotton, the trend of topdressing of N1 and N2 is basically consistent with that of cotton, while the topdressing of N1 is higher than that of N2 in each period.【Conclusion】 It is scientific and applicable for the recommended nitrogen application model of cotton SPAD value, while it needs to modify the model parameters at the change of soil, climate and management mod to reach the maximum correlation between SPAD value and nitrogen application amount. It is able to quickly obtain the new formula of recommended fertilization that can be used in the current year by reverse deduction when modifying recommended nitrogen application model of SPAD value though the use of the recommended fertilization amount of the original model and the local high yield fertilization amount with many years.

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Electrophysiological Responses of the Monolept ahieroglyphica (Motschulsky) to 13 Volatile Compounds YANG Chen, LI Lun, Arman, DUAN Xin, ZHANG Jianping, CHEN Jing 2021, 58(7): 1282-1290.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (891KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen out active substances to Monoleptahieroglyphica (Motschulsky).【Methods】 The electroantennogram (EAG) technique was used to determine the electrophysiological responses of the female and male M. hieroglyphica to 13 kindsofcotton, corn and adult fecalvolatiles.【Results】 The response of M. hieroglyphica male and female to Hptene, Nerolidol, Phellandrene, β-Pinene, trans-2-Hexenal, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, Dioctyladipate, Leaf alcohol were relatively obvious, and to Nonoic acid, Nonadecane and Heptadecane were not obvious.The highest response of female to Leaf alcohol was 2.306 mV, and male to β - Pinene was 2.309 mV. Females are more sensitive to Hexadecane and Humulene than males.【Conclusion】 Among 13 volatiles, the response of M. hieroglyphica females to leaf alcohol is the most sensitive, the response of M. hieroglyphica a males to β-pinene is the most sensitive.

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Preliminary Study of 4 Spray-adjuvants on The Reduction of Herbicide Application in Cotton Fields of Early Maturing Cotton Region in Northern Xinjiang ZHU Yuyong, ZHAO Bingmei, ZHANG Qiang, DING Lili, MA Jiangfeng, LI Xianchao, JIAN Ying, WANG Lin, WANG Xueyi, JIAO Wenkai 2021, 58(7): 1291-1296.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (627KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the reduction and synergistic effects of spray-adjuvants on herbicide, in the hope of providing theoretical support for reducing the dosage of herbicide in the field.【Method】 Field plot experiments were conducted to reduce the amount of soil-applied herbicides 50% Flumioxazin WP and 33% Pendimethalin EC by 20% and 30% respectively, and then 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants such as Jijian, Anrongle, Maisi and Zengxiaowang were added to compare the control effects on weed and safety of cotton with the treatments of conventional dosage.【Result】 It was safe for cotton growth that the dosage of herbicide was reduced by 20% and 30% respectively and then 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants were added. On 30 days after application of herbicide, adding 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants respectively after the dosage of herbicide was reduced 20% and 30%, the control effect on weeds was significantly lower than the conventional dosage. On 45 days after application of herbicide, there was no significant difference in weed control effect between the conventional dosage treatment and the treatments whose dosage of herbicide was reduced by 20% and 30% respectively with 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants added. On 60 days after application of herbicide, there was no significant difference in weed control effect between the conventional dosage treatment and the treatments whose dosage of herbicide was reduced by 20% with Jijian, Anrongle and Zengxiaowang added. The control effect was worse than the conventional dosage when the dosage of herbicide was reduced by 30% with 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants added. The control effect of the conventional dosage was 90.08%. The fresh weight control effect of the dosage of herbicide reduced by 20% and added 4 kinds of spray-adjuvants were more than 98.2%, which was higher than the conventional dosage.【Conclusion】 The dosage of 50% Flumioxazin WP and 33% Pendimethalin EC are reduced by 20% and then Jijian, Anrongle and Zengxiaowang added, it is found that its control effect of weeds in cotton field is equivalent to the conventional dosage, and they are safe for cotton growth. The results remain to be studied before application in the vast fields.

Horticultural Special Local Products·Microbes·Prataculture

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Study on Genetic Diversity and Probability Grading of Quantitative Traits in Stones of Native Almond Germplasm Resources in Xinjiang YANG Bo, GUO Chunmiao, Mubareke Ayoupu, GONG Peng 2021, 58(7): 1297-1305.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1052KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the genetic variation and grading the probability of major quantitative traits in the stones of the native almond germplasm resource in Xinjiang with a view to providing an important reference basis for the genetic improvement and breeding of high-quality new varieties of almond in Xinjiang.【Methods】 In this research the collected 90 native local germplasm resources in Xinjiang were used for phenotypic analysis. The analyzed traits included weight of single stone, vertical/transverse/lateral diameter of stone, shape index of stone, fruit carapace thickness, single kernel weight, vertical/transverse/lateral diameter of kernel, shape index of kernel and rate of nucleolus.【Results】 (1) The variation coefficients of all of these 12 quantitative traits were above 10% among 90 native almond germplasm resources, and the variation coefficients of the four major indexes closely were related to the economic character, namely, weight of single stone and fruit carapace thickness, the quantitative traits of native almonds were mutually restricted and influenced, among which weight of single stone, fruit carapace thickness, the single kernel weight and rate of nucleolus were single kernel weight and rate of nucleolus, reaching 45.16%, 48.14%, 33.20% and 36.02%, respectively. (2) All of 12 traits in 90 native almond germplasm resources were normally distributed, and were divided into 5 grades according to probability statistical method. (3)The significantly correlated with each other.【Conclusion】 The genetic diversity of local almond germplasm resources in Xinjiang is abundant, and the probability classification accords with the germplasm characteristics.

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Segregation Distortion of Progeny of Distant Hybridization of Brassica juncea Introduced into Chinese Cabbage Genome LI Xiangsheng, CHANG Lichun, CHEN Haixu, WU Jian, LIANG Jianli, LIN Runmao, GUO Xinlei, GAO Jie, WANG Xiaowu 2021, 58(7): 1306-1315.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1525KB) ( )   【Objective】 Introduce the A genome of Chinese cabbage into core mustard by distant hybridization, and use high-resolution melting curve (HRM) combined with InDel marker-assisted selection technology to screen out the most preserved cabbage Crossing offspring, with a view to improving the nodularity of core mustard and enriching the germplasm resources of core mustard.【Methods】 Using immature embryo culture technology to assist 6 servings of core mustard and 2 servings of Chinese cabbage for distant hybridization and backcrossing, 20 InDel markers were selected to track all chromosomes of the Chinese cabbage A genome, and screened from the 192 BC1 single plants, the single plants with a high percentage of Chinese cabbage A genome markers. Furthermore, through field investigations, single plants with similar heading to cabbage were selected for further research.【Results】 Nine interspecific hybrid combinations and 14 BC1 populations were obtained by remote hybridization combined with immature embryo culture. 203 HRM-InDel markers that can be uniformly distributed throughout the genome to distinguish between cabbage and core mustard were screened and obtained; 20 InDel markers were used to track the cabbage genes of 192 BC1 single plants. The mark content exceeds 90%, which accumulates materials for further research work.【Conclusion】 Immature embryo culture technology can improve the seed setting rate of the backcross of Chinese cabbage and core mustard, and can speed up the breeding process; the combination and single plant with a high proportion of Chinese cabbage genome were selected; the study found that the isolated population was significantly biased towards transmission Cabbage gene.

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Changes of Phenolic Substances in Seedless White and Green Raisins before and after Washing and Their Relationship with Enzymatic Browning LEI Jing, LIAN Weijia, CHEN Ya, HAN Chen, REN Hongsong, XIAO Li 2021, 58(7): 1316-1322.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (757KB) ( )   【Objective】 By analyzing the changes of phenolic compounds before and after cleaning green raisins and their relationship with enzymatic browning, this project aims to explore the mechanism of enzymatic browning in cleaned green raisins.【Method】 Through detecting the content changes of monomer phenols before and after cleaning green raisins, the activity changes of these phenols and polyphenol oxidase reaction of raisins were analyzed, and the substrates involved in enzymatic reaction were determined. At the same time, the main phenols affecting the browning of raisins during cleaning were obtained by correlation analysis method.【Result】 Phenolic substances with quality changes before and after cleaning of green raisins included quercetin, catechin, caffeic acid, kaempferol, P- coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gentisic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid. Among them, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, P- coumaric acid, kaempferol and catechin were the main phenolic substances involved in enzymatic browning of raisins before and after cleaning.【Conclusion】 Before and after cleaning green raisins, browning degree of raisins is significantly correlated with quercetin, caffeic acid, kaempferol and catechin contents. The research results provide theoretical basis for exploring browning mechanism of raisins cleaning.

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Analysis of Soluble Sugar Components and Contents in 10 Mature Grape Varieties (Lines) in Xinjiang ZHONG Haixia, DING Xiang, ZHOU Xiaoming, PAN Mingqi, ZHANG Fuchun, HAN Shouan, ZHANG Wen, XIE Hui, WANG Min, Ermaik Caikasim, WU Xinyu 2021, 58(7): 1323-1331.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1440KB) ( )   【Objective】 To compare and analyze the soluble sugar composition and content in fruits of 10 wine grape varieties (lines), and get a clear picture of the characteristics of sugar accumulation in Xinjiang wine grape in the hope of providing scientific basis for the evaluation of resource characteristics and the study of sugar quality control in the future.【Method】 10 varieties(lines) including Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon 5, Cabernet Sauvignon 6, Cabernet Sauvignon 9, Merlot, Merlot 4, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Weydale and Riesling were employed as the research object, and high performance liquid chromatography HPLC determination of soluble sugars in the fruit and content, and the mature fruit soluble solids and total acid content were used to analyze the proportion of each carbohydrate component in total soluble sugar and the soluble sugar content of each variety.【Result】 The results showed that the main accumulation of glucose and fructose was sucrose, and fructose was slightly higher than glucose. Among them, the highest proportion of fructose in total sugar was 51.23%, the highest proportion of glucose in total sugar was 49.02%, and the highest proportion of sucrose in total sugar was only 2.91%.Among the 10 wine grape varieties (lines), the soluble sugar content in fruits showed significant or extremely significant difference, among which, Cabernet Sauvignon 5 had the highest soluble total sugar content, which was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of other varieties, and was 29.21% higher than Vidal, which had the lowest soluble sugar content. The soluble solid content of Cabernet Sauvignon 5 was 30.59% higher than that of Vidal. Through cluster analysis, 10 wine grape varieties were divided into 3 varietal groups. The first group of grape varieties was Cabernet Sauvignon 9, Merlot 4, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, with moderate content of sugar substances. The second group of grape varieties was Chardonnay, Widell and Riesling, with low content of sugar substances. The third group are Cabernet Sauvignon 6, Cabernet franc and Cabernet Sauvignon 5, The sugar components was closely related and the content of saccharide was higher.【Conclusion】 Based on the comparative analysis of 10 wine grape varieties (lines) in Xinjiang, the high-sugar varieties (lines) were selected as Cabernet Sauvignon 5 and low-sugar varieties as Vidal

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Effects of Different Drying Techniques on Drying Characteristics of Main Raisins in Xinjiang XIE Hui, ZHANG Heng, WANG Min, HAN Shouan, Aiermaike Caikasim, ZHONG Haixia, WANG Wenyong, ZHANG Wen, PAN Mingqi 2021, 58(7): 1332-1341.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1293KB) ( )   【Objective】 To provide theoretical basis for improving the drying techniques of Xinjiang grapes: Thomson Seedless and Centennial Seedless, the effects of different drying techniques on the drying characteristics were studied in this paper.【Methods】 The variation of moisture in drying and drying process was analyzed mathematically to study the drying characteristics of grapes.【Results】 In the process of grape drying, the dehydrating rate during the day was 2.00-6.14 times higher than that of the night. In the early stage of the drying process, the dehydrating rate of grape in the mode of drying in the sun was 1.21-3.12 times as high as with shade-air drying. The effective water diffusivity of the sun-dried grape berry of the two varieties of grapes was 3.14 and 3.18 times higher than that of the shade-air-dried one. The effective water diffusivity of Centennial Seedless was higher than that of Thompson Seedless. The effective water diffusivity of Centennial Seedless and Thompson Seedless under sun-drying was 6.023,16×10-8 m2/h, 2.615,45×10-8 m2/h, and in shade-air-drying was 8.308,75×10-9 m2/h,1.892,12×10-8 m2/h.;【Conclusion】 The drying rate in daylight was significantly higher than that during night under sun drying and shade-air drying. The effective water diffusivity of different drying processes and different drying grape varieties was obtained. The study results can provide a basis for the improvement of shade-air drying rooms in Xinjiang.

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Construction of Dynamic Model of Soluble Sugar Content in Dried Jujube Alinuer Abudureyimu, ZHANG Zhenzhen, HUANG Yadong, Abuduwarisi Tuerxunjiang, CHEN Kai, LI Huanrong 2021, 58(7): 1342-1354.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1545KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the changes of soluble total sugar and reducing sugar in Hami jujube, and establish a dynamic model of soluble total sugar and reducing sugar.【Method】 Using Hami jujube as experimental material, four different drying methods, such as natural drying, natural drying, 40℃ and 45℃ hot air drying, were used to study the effects of different drying methods on soluble total sugar and reducing sugar in the drying process of red jujube.【Results】 The results showed that the content of reducing sugar in red jujube increased with the increase of drying time, while the soluble total sugar decreased with the increase of drying time. The drying method with relatively high temperature had a great influence on the reducing and soluble sugar in jujube. With the exception of 40℃ hot air drying, the fitting degree of the other three treatment models was R2>0.9, and the fitting degree was high.【Conclusion】 Naturally dried, the change of reducing sugar in red jujube dates during hot air drying at 45℃ conforms to the linear model (zero-level model), the change of total soluble sugar at 45°C conforms to the exponential model (first-level model). The total soluble sugar in the natural sun drying and natural shade drying the dynamic changes conform to the logarithmic model and the cubic fitting model respectively. According to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the quality of hot jujube dried at 45℃ is the best, and the quality of natural dry jujube is relatively poor.

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Identification of Bacterial Wilt Antagonistic Bacteria JK19 and Detection of Its Antibacterial Activity HUANG Wei, SONG Bo, ZHANG Lijuan, WANG Bo, WANG Wei 2021, 58(7): 1355-1364.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1560KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the taxonomic status of antagonistic bacterium JK19, detect its antibacterial activity, and analyze its possible active components. The results provide theoretical basis for the extraction of lipopeptide and the development of biological control agents .【Methods】 The strain was identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The antagonistic effect of the strain against 8 plant pathogens was detected by plate confrontation method. PCR amplification was used to detect the genes related to the synthesis and probiotics of lipopeptide antibiotics in the genome.【Results】 JK19 was identified as bacillus by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequences of JK19 were compared to construct a developmental tree. It was found that JK19 had close homologous relations with Bacillus velezensis, Bacillussiamensis and Bacillus amylobacillus. Strain JK19 had significant inhibition effect on various plant pathogens, and the inhibition effect was 66.67% for black spot of fragrant pear, 100% for walnut rot, 73.33% for potato early blight, 60.71% for watermelon blight, 67.86% for rice blight, 76.92% for cotton blight and 100% for watermelon vine blight, respectively. PCR reaction detected the genes involved in the synthesis of lipopeptide antibiotics in JK19 genome: ituA, ituD, bamC, fenB, fenD, srfAB, YsnE, a gene involved in the synthesis of auxin IAA and geneyndJassociated with probiotics.【Conclusion】 Antagonistic bacterium JK19 is abacillussp., which has obvious inhibitory effect on various plant pathogenic bacteria such as tomato bacterial wilt, and its genome contains lipopeptide and genes related to probiotics.

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Species and Community Structure of Weeds in Main Winter Wheat Areas of Northern Xinjiang BAI Weiwei, GAO Haifeng, SHEN Yuyang, LI Guangkuo 2021, 58(7): 1365-1372.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.07.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (805KB) ( )   【Objective】 To determine the weed composition and structure in winter wheat fields of northern Xinjiang in the hope of providing theoretical foundation of regional weed control measures.【Method】 The weeds of winter wheat fields in Qitai County and Emin County of northern Xinjiang were investigated by the sampling method of inverted “W”-pattern with nine sampling points.【Result】 The result showed that 60 weed species were present, which belonged to 20 families and 52 genera, mainly including Asteraceae, Leguminosae and Gramineae. The dominant species in wheat fields in northern Xinjiang was Echinochloacrusgalli(L.)Beauv., Chenopodiumglaucum L. and Polygonum convolvuluswere regional common weeds. The weed distribution of three regions was different from each other, there were 47 species of weed in wheat fields in Emin County, 32 and 31 species in southern hill areas and central plain area in Qitai County, separately. Analysis of the diversity showed that Shannon-Wiener index of Emin County was the highest, which was 2.51, and the highest Simpson index was in plain area of Qitai County, which was 0.19, the Pielou indexes of Emin County wheat area were higher than Qitai, which were 0.65.【Conclusion】 Echinochloacrusgalli(L.)Beauv has effect on winter wheat growth and yield in northern Xinjiang obviously, Chenopodiumglaucum L. and Polygonum convolvulushave have impact on regional wheat areas where the weed happens. Other normal weeds which happen in some wheat fields have less effect on the growth and development of wheat. In the three survey areas, the species richness and species diversity index in Emin County are the highest, while the dominant species of weeds in the central plain area of Qitai County are the most concentrated.