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    Crop Genetics and Breeding·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology
    Correlation Analysis of Canopy Temperature and Yield Characteristics of One Xinjiang Spring Wheat RIL under Different Irrigation Conditions
    GAO Xin, FAN Zheru, WANG Zhong, LI Jianfeng, ZHANG Hongzhi, ZHANG Yueqiang
    2021, 58(11): 1961-1970.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.001
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1397KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 The present study focuses on the relationship between canopy temperature (CT) of spring wheat and its yield in order to provide some references for the breeding and cultivation of drought resistance and high yield spring wheat. 【Methods】 188 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were grown in the experiment stations in Changji prefecture, Xinjiang, under full and deficit irrigation conditions from 2014 to 2016 growing seasons. The CT of heading stage, early filling stage and middle filling stage were measured by infrared thermometer. 【Results】 The variations of CT in different stages and the relationship between CT and yield were analyzed. The results showed that CT of spring wheat was significantly higher (P<0.01) under deficit irrigation than that under sufficient irrigation in every growing stage. CT also differed significantly (P<0.01) among different growing periods and CT rose with the development of growing stage under both irrigation conditions. The most negative correlation was in yield, followed by thousand seed weight, spikelet number and kernels per spike. Under deficit irrigation, the yield had obvious linear decreasing relation with CT in each period, and displayed the most obvious linear relation with CT in the middle of filling stage, but under sufficient irrigation, the linear decreasing relation was not obvious.【Conclusion】 Overall, yield and yield component factors of spring wheat were closed related to CT under sufficient irrigation. CT can be used as an important indicator for the breeding and cultivation of spring wheat.

    Effects of Sowing Date and Density on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation
    ZHAN Changgui, SUN Ting, WANG Jichuan, GAO Zhen, LI Tongrui, Reyanaimu Aximu
    2021, 58(11): 1971-1980.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.002
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of sowing date and density on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of winter wheat under drip irrigation in southern Xinjiang and determine the suitable sowing time and planting density in the hope of providing basis for production practice. 【Methods】 Xindong 22 (less-spike type) and Handan 5316 (multi-spike type) were taken as the test materials, the field test design of the split area was adopted, and the main area was three sowing dates: September 23 (B1) and October 4 (B2) and October 15 (B3); the sub-area had four seeding rates: 3.15×106 grains/hm2(M1), 5.1×106 grains/hm2(M2), 7.05×106 grains/hm2(M3) and 9×106 grains/hm2(M4). 【Results】 Drip irrigation winter wheat flag leaf Pn and Tr were the largest in the flowering period, Xindong 22 had the highest average Pn in the B2 sowing period and Handan 5316 in the M3 sowing period. The Pn of B2M2 treatment was the highest, Xindong 22 and Handan 5316 reached 15.45 and 16.94 μmol CO2/(m2·s) respectively; Tr treated with M2 was the largest and treated with M4 was the smallest, the follow-up period was delayed. Tr was slowly rising and the trend was the highest with B2M2 (Xindong 22) or B2M1 (Handan 5316), 6.35 and 6.08 μmol CO2/(m2·s), respectively; the flag leaf SPAD reached the highest during the flowering period, and the average SPAD decreased with the increase of density or the delay of sowing time. B1M1 treatment was the largest, followed by B3M1 (Xindong 22) and B2M1 (Handan 5316); The relationship model of sowing date, sowing amount and yield was established, and the index of group and individual development was put forward under the condition of high yield. 【Conclusion】 Xindong 22 is sown on October 1 with a volume of 315.30 kg/hm2, and Handan 5316 is sown on October 2 with a volume of 262.47 kg/hm2, with the highest output, reaching 8,271.88 and 9,116.19 kg/hm2, respectively; The technical parameters of increasing density by late seeding are put forward.

    Effects of Drip Irrigation Layout on Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation and Yield of Spring Wheat
    ZHANG Jingwu, YANG Jianping, LU Weipeng, ZHANG Longlong, ZHANG Xi, LIU Yichen, LI Weihua, JIANG Dong
    2021, 58(11): 1981-1989.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.003
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of expanding pipe-row ratio on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation. 【Methods】 The field experiment consisted of 3 treatments:TR4(one pipe for 4 rows), TR6(one pipe for 6 rows) and TR8(one pipe for 8 rows) for measuring dry matter accumulation, yield and its composition with two wheat varieties (Xinchun 22 and 44). 【Results】 The result showed that the dry matter accumulation of the whole plant and organs of the two wheat varieties displayed a downward trend with the increase of bandwidth under different treatments;the total dry matter accumulation of the two wheat varieties reached the maximum under TR4 treatment, and the dry matter accumulation of Xinchun 44 was higher than that of Xinchun 22; The maximum dry matter accumulation amount and dry matter accumulation rate of Xinchun 44 were higher than those of Xinchun 22. The grain yields of both varieties showed a downward trend with the increase of the bandwidth; the highest yields of Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 44 were 7,716.45 kg/hm2 and 8,096.48 kg/hm2 under TR4 treatment. 【Conclusion】 The wheat grain yield decreases by a small amount under TR6 treatment, the yield decline of Xinchun 44 is smaller than that of Xinchun 22, the grain yield of Xinchun 44 is higher than that of Xinchun 22, and the economic performance of Xinchun 44 is higher. Therefore, Xinchun 44 might be more suitable for planting in the expanding pipe-row ratio drip irrigation mode.

    Study on Population Structure and Yield of Topping-free Cotton Based on Regulation of DPC
    SHI Feng, LI Haijiang, SUN Xiaogui, SHI Xiaojuan, HAO Xianzhe, TIAN Yu, HAN Huanyong
    2021, 58(11): 1990-1999.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.004
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    【Objective】 The changing rule of agronomic characters, canopy structure, light distribution, and yield topping-free cotton based on regulation of DPC, which provide the basis for light and simplified cotton cultivation. 【Methods】 The varieties Xinluzao 67(P1), Z901(P2), Z903(P3) and which relatively sensitive to mepiquat chloride were used as experiment material, the topping-free method DPC replace manual topping, manual topping as control (Xinluzao 60, CK) the agronomic characters, canopy structure, light transmittance, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and other indicators. 【Results】 The results showed that compared with manual topping, the plant height, the number of sympodials and the leaf age of topping-free cotton were increased significantly. them, the increasing range of P2 plant height and the number of sympodials w, 45.2% and 100% respectively, and the increasing range of P3 leaf age was larger, 39.4%. P1 had the largest leaf area index, P2 had the smallest decreasing amplitude after reaching the peak value, only 19.6%, P1 had the smallest DIFN valley value, P3 had the smallest increasing range after reaching the valley value, P2 had the greatest MTA peak value which 3.4% taller than CK, while P3 was smallest which only 0.9% taller than CK. The light transmittance of each part of the canopy showed an increasing trend in the later period of growth, among, P4 upper canopy layer light transmittance had the largest increasing range which reached 27.1%, P3 had the smallest increasing range which only 10.7% oppositely, P2 middle canopy layer light transmittance increasing range was largest, 28.3%, P4 had the smallest increasing range which only 14.6%, P3 lower canopy layer light transmittance was largest, 23.9%, P4 had the smallest increasing range which only 4.0%. The proportion of dry matter quality of reproductive organs to that of vegetative organs of P3 was largest, 2.2∶1, P1 2.1∶1owever the cumulative increase in total dry matter mass per plant was the largest, at 81.9 g/plant. Compared with CK, the yield of P1 and P3 were not significantly. 【Conclusion】 The cotton varieties Xinluzao 67 and Z903, which are sensitive to mepiquat chloride, were sprayed with DPC (45+30+30+30+120+150) g/hm2 before emergence, two leaves and one heart, before head water, before two water, July 5 and July 12, respectively, full-process DPC control instead of manual detopping, on the basis of not significantly reducing cotton yield which can reduce production costs by 46% and increase cotton planting benefits.

    Effects of Different Fertilizer Applications on the Material Production and Yield of Early Upland Cotton
    YANG Jiangwei, ZHANG Guojuan, TIAN Jingshan, YANG Wenlong, XIANG Dao, GOU Ling, ZHANG Wangfeng
    2021, 58(11): 2000-2010.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.005
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of different fertilizing amounts on the yield formation of six Xinluzao cotton varieties, and to clarify the impact of reduced fertilizer application on the yield and quality of cotton cultivars in the hope of providing a basis for the breeding and cultivation of cotton varieties with low fertilizer tolerance. 【Methods】 Under field conditions, the agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, yield quality and fertilizer utilization characteristics of 6 cotton varieties in the Xinluzao series were studied under three conditions: fertilizing amount applied in conventional production (N 193.2 kg/hm2, P2O5 138 kg/hm2 and K2O 85.5 kg/hm2),1/2 amount of fertilizer applied in conventional production, and no fertilization. 【Results】 There was no significant difference in branch number among the varieties of Xinluzao. In terms of plant height, branch number and stem diameter, the varieties with the lowest sensitivity to fertilization were Xinluzao 45, 61 and 45, respectively. The distribution rate was less affected by the amount of fertilizer applied. The varieties with the lowest sensitivity to the amount of fertilizer applied in terms of total biomass and allocation rate were Xinluzao 61 and 57, and the varieties with the highest sensitivity were Xinluzao 74 and 72, respectively. The number of bolls per plant and the seed cotton yield increased with the increase of the amount of fertilizer applied, and the lint percentage decreased with the increase of the amount of fertilizer applied. The varieties with the lowest sensitivity in terms of boll number per-plant, boll weigh, lint percentage and seed cotton yield to the amount of fertilizer applied were Xinluzao72, Xinluzao 74 and Xinluzao 57; As the amount of fertilizer applied increased, the upper half mean length increased and the micronaire decreased. The varieties with the lowest sensitivity in terms of fiber strength, fracture specific strength and micronaire to fertilizer application were Xinluzao 57, 64 and 72, respectively. During the boll opening stage, the utilization rate of fertilizer agronomy and the contribution rate of fertilizer were proportional to the amount of fertilizer, and the partial productivity of fertilizer was inversely proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied. 【Conclusion】 Xinluzao 64, 72 and 74 have good performance in the aspects of lint percentage, fertilizer utilization rate and yield, respectively, and can be used as the cultivation varieties of reduced fertilizer application.

    Germplasm Resources·Physiology and Biochenistry
    Effects of Mixed Salt and Alkali on Osmoregulation of Cotton Seedlings
    ZHANG Mengjie, WU Xianglin, WEI Yayuan, GENG Qinglong, Halihashiebati Yibati, LI Qingjun
    2021, 58(11): 2011-2023.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.006
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    【Objective】 To study the salt tolerance response mechanism of osmotic regulators of cotton seedlings under mixed salt and alkali stress. 【Methods】 Xinluzao 57 was taken as the research object, the NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2SO3, and Na2CO3 4 salts were mixed in different proportions to simulate the stress conditions of mixed salt, and the alkaline salt proportion was gradually increased into A, B, C, D and E 5 groups and treated with different concentrations. 【Results】 The results showed that there was a significant correlation between osmoregulation substance and salt alkali ratio, salt alkali concentration (P < 0.01), and the interaction between salt alkali ratio and salt alkali concentration had a significant correlation with osmoregulation substance of cotton seedling leaves; proline content increased with the increase of salt alkali concentration. The content of proline in treatment B (NaCl, NaHCO3) was significantly higher than those in other treatments with the increase of concentration, and the difference of proline content in treatment C (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, Na2CO3) was lower. At the concentration of 25 mmol/L, the proline content of leaves increased the most, and with the increase of concentration, the increase of proline content decreased significantly; the change trend of malondialdehyde and soluble sugar was similar to that of free proline, while the content of soluble protein increased with the increase of treatment concentration, but the increase was small; and the difference was not significant. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that there is a significant correlation between osmotic adjustment substances and salt alkali ratio and concentration (P < 0.01), and the interaction between salt alkali ratio and salt alkali concentration has a significant correlation on osmotic adjustment substances of cotton seedling leaves. Under the same mixed salt treatments, the contents of proline, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde and free proline increase with the increase of salt concentrations. The content of soluble protein increases little with the increase of concentration, but the difference is significant in different saline alkali ratios of the same salt concentration, which further indicates that the soluble protein content of cotton seedling leaves under mixed salt alkali stress is the main osmotic adjustment substance to evaluate the salt tolerance of cotton.

    Identification and Screening of Drought Tolerance in Winter Wheat Cultivars in Xinjiang during Germination Period
    WANG Yonggang, ZHANG Shengjun, LIU Yali, FAN Yanxing, GUO Caiqin, MA Yanming
    2021, 58(11): 2024-2034.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.007
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    【Objective】 Drought is the most important factor to reduce crop yield. Breeding varieties with strong drought resistance is an effective way to resist drought and ensure yield. Drought in wheat germination will lead to a large area of seedling shortage, which directly affects the stable development of wheat production. It is a direct and effective method to identify and select varieties with strong drought resistance in germination period from winter wheat variety resources in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Based on 134 local winter wheat varieties and 54 cultivated varieties in Xinjiang, drought tolerance during germination was simulated by PEG-6000. 【Result】 The results showed that bud length, root length, bud fresh weight, root fresh weight and root-to-crown ratio of local varieties were more affected by drought stress than those of bred varieties. Except that there was no correlation among individual indicators, there was a large correlation among most indicators. Four independent principal components were identified by principal component analysis as comprehensive indexes for drought tolerance identification. All materials were classified into 5 drought tolerance grades using comprehensive evaluation values, 7 high drought tolerance varieties were out of 134 local varieties, 3 high drought tolerance varieties were out of 54 cultivated varieties. All 18 drought-tolerant and 3 high-tolerant varieties were selected from Yili area. Among the 18 drought-tolerant varieties, Xindong 18 was the main cultivar in northern Xinjiang and Xindong 20 was the main cultivar in Kashi area of southern Xinjiang.【Conclusion】 Through comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance,10 varieties of Xinjiang winter wheat with strong drought resistance are selected.

    Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Application Reduction for Cotton
    Effects of Four Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Development, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Cotton
    JIN Rong, LI Jin, LIANG Jing, ZHOU Xiaoyun, ZHANG Jungao, ZHANG Xueying, ZENG Xiaofan, LI Shanshan, GAO Wenwei, LEI Bin
    2021, 58(11): 2035-2042.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.008
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    【Objective】 This experiment was conducted to study and evaluate the effects of NAA-Na, 6-BA, EBR and ABA on cotton growth, leaf photosynthetic characteristics and yield. 【Methods】 NAA-Na (10.0 mg/L), 6-BA (2.0 mg/L), EBR (0.2 mg/L) and ABA (0.5 mg/L) were sprayed when cotton seedlings grew to two-leaf and four-leaf stage, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, bud number, SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, were detemined during the seedling period,yield and its components were determined during the harvest period. 【Results】 After spraying the four plant growth regulators, the daily average growth of plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and bud number in each treatment were 0.96-2.78 cm/d, 0.06-0.44 mm/d, 0.15-0.58 slices/d and 0.14-0.86 pieces/d, respectively, which were higher than that in the control treatment; SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of leaves were respectively increased by 8.02%-10.99%, 8.95%-16.13%, 93.14%-110.17% and 6.58%-19.44% compared with CK at 5 d. Spraying plant growth regulators had no significant differences on the number of harvested cotton plants and boll weight, while compared with CK, the boll number and seed cotton yield per plant were increased by 0.53%-7.54% and 0.73%-9.39%, respectively. EBR treatment was superior to NAA-NA, 6-BA and ABA treatment in promoting growth and yield of cotton. 【Conclusion】 The tested four plant growth regulators could promote the transformation of vegetative growth to reproductive growth, increase the SPAD value and photosynthetic characteristics of cotton leaves, and increase the seed cotton yield by increasing the boll number per plant. EBR treatment was superior to other plant growth regulators.

    Effects of the Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer with Organic Manure on the Cotton growth character and Yield
    NIU Xinxiang, PU Shenghai, WU Xianglin, LI Pan, YANG Tao, MA Honghong, CHEN Baozhu, YANG Jian, HUANG Xin, FENG Guangping, MA Xingwang
    2021, 58(11): 2043-2048.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.009
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    【Objective】 To explore effects of the organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer on the cotton growth character and yield.【Method】 The effects of the partial substitution for chemiacal fertilizer with organic manure (20%、40% or 100%) on the cotton growth character and yield was ananlyzed by field experiment,with no fertilizer (CK) and inorganic fertilizer (CF) as the control.【Results】 The change law of leaf number,plant height,stem diameter,SPAD value and yield at different growing periods of cotton is consistent:There was no significant difference between T1 and T5; The test of significance of difference between T1 and T2, T3, T4 was significant; The test of significance of difference between T5 and T2, T3, T4 was significant;Compared with CF, the treatments of reducing 20%、40% chemical fertilizer with organic manure could significantly promote cotton growth and increase cotton yield. The cotton yield of T3 and T4 was 27.70% and 21.75% higher than that of non-fertilization treatmemnt (CK) respectly.【Conclusion】 Organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer can reduce chemical fertilizer and increase cotton yield.

    The Selection Behavior of Bemisia tabaci on Three Host Plants in the Field and Indoor Cage
    CHEN Wenbin, LIU Zhe, LIU Zhongquan, QIU Baohua, YANG Yizhong
    2021, 58(11): 2049-2055.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.010
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    【Objective】 Bemisia tabaci is an important pest on cotton and other crops. Once the outbreak occurs, the loss of cotton yield and quality is extremely serious.【Method】 According to the field investigation and analysis of the tropism of B. tabaci to cotton and A. theophrasti, this article uses cotton, Abutilon theophrasti, and castor oil plant as materials to investigate the selectivity of the insect to the above three host plants in an indoor cage. 【Result】 The results showed that the adult population of B. tabaci in cotton fields reached the peak in mid-August in 2019, and the nymphs reached the peak in late August. In mid-August, the number of adult on the upper, middle, and lower three leaves of A. theophrasti reached 90.5 adults/plant, 30.9 adults/plant on cotton field. In late August, the number of nymphs on A. theophrasti reached 31.7 nymphs/plant, and 14.1 nymphs/plant oncotton. B. tabaci in cotton fields has obvious tropism to A. theophrasti, and the amount of B. tabaci on abutilon was always significantly different from that on cotton. And in early and mid-August, B. tabaci on cotton plants close to A. theophrasti has a tendency to move to A. theophrasti. After late August, the amount of B. tabaci on the cotton near the A. theophrasti was also more than that on the cotton far away from the A. theophrasti. Indoor cage experiments showed that 60.6% of B. tabaci chose A. theophrasti, only 27.0% on cotton and only 12.4% on castor oil plant. 【Conclusion】 Moreover, there were significant differences in the amount of B. tabaci on A. theophrasti, cotton and castor oil plant. This provides an important reference for the use of “push-pull” technology to prevent and control B. tabaci.

    Effects of Cotton Roots and Stems Infested by Agrotis segetum larvae on Fitness of Tetranychus truncates, Tetranychus turkestani and Tetranychus dunhuangensis on Cotton Leaves
    LIANG Haishen, ZHANG Qian, WANG Shuang, LU Yanhui
    2021, 58(11): 2056-2061.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.011
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    【Objective】 This project aims to illustrate the effects of infested cotton, roots and stems were chewed by Agrotis segetum larvae, on population fitness of Tetranychus truncates, Tetranychus turkestani and Tetranychus dunhuangensis on cotton leaves.【Methods】 Based on cotton cultivar CCRI 49, the effects of cotton plant infested by A. segetum larvae on growth, development and reproduction of T. truncates, T. turkestani and T. dunhuangensis were investigated in laboratory. 【Result】 The developmental duration of T. truncates nymph in infested cotton plant was significantly prolonged compared with the control, but there were no significant differences in larva survival rate, nymph survival rate, developmental duration of larva, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and female adult longevity of T. truncates between the infested plants and the healthy ones. The number of effective eggs per female of T. turkestani in the chewed cotton was substantially reduced compared with the control. The infection of A. segetum larvae on roots and stems did not signi ficantly affect the larva and nymph survival rate, developmental duration of larva and nymph, pre-oviposition period, as well as female adult longevity of T. turkestani on cotton leaves. The developmental duration of larva and nymph of T. dunhuangensis in infested ones was significantly prolonged. No significant differences in larva survival rate, nymph survival rate, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and female adult longevity of T. dunhuangensis between the infested cottons and the healthy ones were found.【Conclusion】 Cotton roots and stems infested by A. segetum larvae made no difference on the population fitness of T. truncates, T. turkestani and T. dunhuangensis.

    Effects of Sulfoxaflor on Aphis gossypii and Natural Enemies in Xinjiang Cotton Field
    LI Na, LIU Bing, LU Yanhui
    2021, 58(11): 2062-2068.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.012
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    【Objective】 The study aims to estimate control efficiency of sulfoxaflor on Aphis gossypii and safety of natural enemies in Xinjiang cotton field, which could provide basis of scientifically using this new pesticide and promoting environmental friendly control of cotton aphid in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Laboratory toxicity and field pesticide efficiency experiments were conducted to assess cotton aphid toxicity and control efficiency of 22% sulfoxaflor SC, and meanwhile, effect of sulfoxaflor on predators and parasitoids of cotton aphid were evaluated.【Result】 In laboratory, after 48 h conducting sulfoxaflor at concentrate of 0.375 and 0.250 g/L, cotton aphid corrected mortality rate was 100.0% and 93.3%, respectively, whereas 84.4% for imidacloprid of 0.2 g/L. Lethal effect of sulfoxaflor on ladybeetle (Hippodamia variegata) was little. Corrected mortality rates of ladybeetle were less than 10% after 48 h treatments of sulfoxaflor at concentrate of 0.375 and 0.250 g/L which were significantly less than imidacloprid at concentrate of 0.2 g/L treatment (45.7%). In field, after 5 days pesticide application in 2018 and 2020, cotton aphid correction control effect was above 90% with 15 mL/667m2 (0.375 g/L) and 85% with 10 mL/667m2 (0.250 g/L) of sulfoxaflor treatment, which was significantly higher than imidacloprid treatment with 8 g/667m2 (0.2 g/L). Moreover, mummy aphid rate and the ratio of natural enemy to cotton aphid with sulfoxaflor at concentrate of 15 and 10 mL/667m2 were both significantly higher than imidacloprid treatment.【Conclusion】 sulfoxaflor has a better control efficacy on cotton aphid in Xinjiang cotton field and higher safety to predators and parasitoids. So, it could be considered to widely spread and apply for cotton pest control.

    Toxicity of Three Botanical Insecticides to Aphis gossypii and Their Selectivity to Hippodamia variegata
    LIU Jiamei, LIU Bing, WANG Peiling, LU Yanhui
    2021, 58(11): 2069-2076.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.013
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    【Objective】 This study is aimed to evaluate the toxicity of three botanical insecticides (matrine, veratrine and azadirachtin) to Aphis gossypii and Hippodamia variegata with various development stages (eggs, 1 st and 3 rd larvae, adults). Our study provides a helpful insight of optimal using botanical insecticides to improve the green control of A. gossypii in cotton field. 【Method】 A quantitative spraying method with spray tower was deployed to test the toxicity of matrine, veratrine and azadirachtin on A. gossypii and H. variegata. 【Result】 Under the treatments of 2,000 mg/L, matrine had the highest toxicity on A. gossypii (the adjusted mortality rate was 89.3%) which was higher than veratrine (61.7%) and azadirachtin (57.6%). These three botanical insecticides are safe to H. variegate, after 2000 mg/L treatment for 96 h, the adjusted mortality rate of eggs was 16.5%, 20.9% and 20.9%, respectively. In addition, the mortality rate of 1st larvae was 29.6%, 38.9% and 42.6% for 24 h, whereas 1.7%, 8.3% and 5.0% of 3rd larvae, and the mortality rate of adults was no more than 20%. All ladybeetle mortality rates were significantly lower than imidacloprid control (100 mg/L). 【Conclusion】 Matrine, veratrine and azadirachtin are safe to H. variegata. Matrine has the higher toxicity on A. gossypii than veratrine and azadirachtin, and can be widely applied to control aphids in Xinjiang cotton fields.

    Plant Protection·Horticultural Special Local Products·Storage and Preservation Processing
    Field Control Evaluation of Plant Protection UAV Spreading Pesticide against Chromaphis juglandicola and Cnidocampa flavescens in Walnut Orchard
    ZHU Xiaofeng, XU Binqiang, SONG Bo, XIONG Jinming, GAO Guanrong, YAN Xiaojing, Abudukeyoumu Kader, YANG Sen
    2021, 58(11): 2077-2083.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.014
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    【Objective】 To evaluate the control effects of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as sprayer on Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) and Cnidocampa flavescens (Walker) in walnut orchards, so as to provide theoretical reference and technical support for control of walnut pests by plant protection UAV.【Method】 Field spraying with plant protection UAV, investigation of insect pest decline rate, calculation of control effects and variance analysis.【Result】 The ground loss rates of pesticides sprayed with plant protection UAV were less than 10% in walnut orchard after adding 0.5% spray adjuvant. And the control effect of 70% imidacloprid (The dose was 150 g/hm2) was 96.05% against C. juglandicola on the outside leaves and the average control effect was 80.37%, which was significantly higher than that of 22% thiamethoxam·lambda-cyhalothrin (The dose was 375 g/hm2) and 25% cycloxaprid (The dose was 300 g/hm2) on the 14 days after application. The average control effects of 22% thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin (The dose was 525 g/hm2), 1.2%matrine·nicotine (The dose was 1,050 g/hm2) and 3.2% abamectin (The dose was 525 g/hm2) against C. flavescens were 98.17%, 90.39% and 95.46%, respectively on the 10 days after application. There was no significant difference between the three treatments.【Conclusion】 When adding spray adjuvant, the control effect of 70% imidacloprid against C. juglandicola in plant protection UAV is over 80%, the control effects of 22% thiamethoxam·lambda-cyhalothrin, 1.2% matrine·nicotineand 3.2% abamectin against C. juglandicola are 90%.Plant protection UAV can be used to spray the above pesticides to control C. juglandicola and C. flavescens in production.

    Effects of Bud-notching and Branch-bending on Growth and Development of Korla Fragrant Pear
    DING Xiang, ZHOU Weiquan, Maihemuti Turupu, NIU Yingying, FAN Guoquan, LIAO Kang
    2021, 58(11): 2084-2093.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.015
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    【Objective】 To explore the suitable methods of bud-notching and branch-bending of Korla fragrant pear young trees under the labor-saving and dense planting mode.【Method】 3-year-old Korla fragrant pear was taken as test material in the experiments to study the effects of different bud-notching and branch-bending treatments on germination, branch and leaf growth. 【Result】 The results showed that bud-notching increased the germination rate. After bud-notching, the germination rate was between 80% and 97%, the proportion of long branches increased, and the flower formation rate was higher than 2/3 of the circumference of the cut branches during germination. The leaf length and width, leaf area, fresh weight of louver and chlorophyll SPAD value of the 90-degree-of-branch-pulling leaves were the highest, and the highest flowering rate of the 90-degree-of-branch-pulling leaves was 15.48% on June 23rd. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased and the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased after branch pulling. On June 23rd, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves with 90 degree branch pulling reached the highest value of 9.55 μmol/(m2·s), and the transpiration rate and water use efficiency of leaves with 90 degree branch pulling were also higher than those of other treatments. 【Conclusion】 According to comprehensive analysis, Korla fragrant pear young trees should be carved at the germination stage, and the length of carved injury is 2/3 of the circumference of branches; Under the labor-saving and dense planting mode, the best effect is to pull branches 90 on June 23rd.

    Effects of Different Irrigation Methods on Growth and Quality of Facility Cherry Tomatoes
    NIU Ning, GUO Jinfen, JING Bo, JIANG Xiyao, ZHAO Mingwei, DIAO Ming
    2021, 58(11): 2094-2102.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.016
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1655KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 To screen out the best irrigation method for screening soilless cultivation of cherry tomatoes with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the precise management of water fertilizer for soilless cultivation of cherry tomatoes. 【Methods】 With high-sugar cherry tomatoes as the experimental material, coconut bran as the cultivation matrix, different irrigation methods were set under the condition of consistent environmental conditions, and the effects of high plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, soluble sugar, soluble protein, photosynthesis rate of different irrigation methods on soilless soil-cultivated cherry tomato morphology, quality, yield and photosynthesis were studied. 【Results】 The effects of each treatment on the growth, yield and quality of cherry tomatoes were different, among which, the cherry tomato fruit index, fruit quality, photosynthesis parameters and yield of the irrigation method combining drip irrigation and tidal irrigation were better than the drip irrigation and tidal irrigation methods. 【Conclusion】 The irrigation method combining drip irrigation with tidal irrigation is most beneficial to the growth of soilless cherry tomatoes.

    Facility Agriculture·Agricultural Product Analysis and Detection
    Optimization of Apricot Drying Process Based on Box-Behnken Response Surface Method
    WANG Qinghui, YANG Jiapeng, YANG Zhongqiang
    2021, 58(11): 2103-2110.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.017
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1458KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 To improve the quality of dried apricot, optimize the drying technology and enhance the market competitiveness of dried apricot products. 【Methods】 Taking the content of sugar-acid ratio and color of dried apricot as evaluation indexes, the optimum drying range of apricot was determined by single factor drying tests under different drying temperatures, air velocities and slitting modes. Box-Behnken center combined test design was carried out,and the response surface optimization analysis was performed to determine the drying process of apricot. 【Results】 With the increase of drying temperature, the sugar-acid ratio in apricot increased gradually, and the color of apricot became worse. With the increase of drying air velocities, the sugar-acid ratio in apricot also increased gradually, but the color of apricot was not different. Compared with whole apricot and de-nuclear apricot, the content of sugar-acid ratio of the apricot treated like this was the highest and the color of apricot was the best. 【Conclusion】 The optimum drying parameters of drying apricot were: drying temperature 50℃, air velocity 4 m/s, cut and stones removed. Under this condition, the average comprehensive score was 95.012 which was close to the result predicted by the model and the optimization result was reliable.

    Effects of Copper Treatment on Oxidative Stress Response and Mineral Element Uptake in Spinach Seedlings
    GONG Qin, CHE Yong, WANG Ling, LI Zhaohua
    2021, 58(11): 2111-2121.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.018
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    【Objective】 This experiment aims to reveal the cu-resistance mechanism of spinach and provide theoretical basis for screening cu-resistant plants by studying the effects of different Cu concentrations on oxidative stress response and mineral element absorption of spinach seedlings. 【Methods】 In this experiment, spinach seedlings were used as experimental materials, and 6 groups of Cu concentrations were set. After 7 days of treatment, the influences of plant biomass, antioxidant enzyme activity, contents of a large number of elements and trace elements were sampled and tested. 【Results】 The results showed that by low concentration of Cu treatment (50 mg/kg Cu concentration), spinach seedling Cu content increased in the body, but did not affect the growth of plant physiological activities, mainly because the plant biomass increased significantly, the leaf of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ni, element content and the root of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Ni content all reached the maximum level, the reason for which might be that the plant can be active to raise their antioxidant capacity (SOD, APX activities and proline content increased), membranous peroxide damage decreased to the minimum, avoiding damage to plants caused by Cu2+ accumulation. And high concentration of Cu stress concentration of Cu (1,000 mg/kg), the Cu content of spinach in seedling increased to the maximum, SOD, although CAT activities increased but could not withstand high concentrations of Cu serious harm of membranous peroxide. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Mo and Ni contents of the seedling leaf and P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ni of the roots decreased significantly, so the biomass decreased to the minimums, which indicated that high concentration of Cu stress exceeded the ability of plants to resist stress injury and seriously inhibited plant growth and mineral element absorption. 【Conclusion】 In summary, spinach seedlings show strong resistance to Cu, so it can be considered as an alternative plant for cu-contaminated soil remediation.

    Effects of Natural Snow Cover on Winter Survival Rate and Cold Resistance of Five Different Fall Dormancy Alfalfa
    SU Lihe, ZHANG Fanfan, WANG Xuzhe, SONG Lei, YU Xue, HE Tingting, MA Chunhui
    2021, 58(11): 2122-2132.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.019
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    【Objective】 To study the effect of snow cover on cold resistance and winter surviving rate of different fall dormancy alfalfa. 【Methods】 The contents of WSC,SP,Pro,MDA,SOD and POD in alfalfa roots and their overwintering rate were measured from autumn to next spring without snow and natural snowfall and winter surviving rate. 【Results】 Under no-snow cover,the lowest average temperature of alfalfa root canopy was -20.74 ℃,and 20 cm of soil fluctuated between -5 and -10℃;under snow cover,the lowest temperature of alfalfa canopy was -7.89℃,and the temperature of 20 cm of soil kept above -3℃ during most of the measurement period,which indicated that snow cover could improve the temperature of alfalfa canopy and soil. Under no snow cover, the winter surviving rate of semi-fall dormancy and non- fall dormancy alfalfa was significantly lower than that of fall dormancy alfalfa(P<0.05). the winter survival rate of semi-fall dormancy and non-fall dormancy (grade 7) alfalfa increased more than 85%,which indicated that the winter survival rate of high fall dormancy alfalfa could be significantly increased by covering snow(P<0.05). The content of root protective substance increased with the decrease of air temperature, and maintained at a high level in winter. The contents of WSC,SP,Pro,MDA,SOD and POD in the roots of fall dormancy alfalfa were higher than those of no snow covering kinds,and the content of MDA was lower than that of no snow covering kinds. Snow could significantly improve the cold resistance of fall dormant alfalfa(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 It can be concluded that covering snow can significantly improve the cold resistance and winter surviving rate of high fall dormancy alfalfa, and the suitable planting alfalfa in Shihezi area is Zhaodong and Zhongmu No.2 (grade 1 and 3).

    Animal Husbandry Veterinarian·Prataculture
    Effect of Soaking or Crushing of Shelled Corn on Digestion of Sheep
    BA Burigedan, LUO Qiujiang, XIE Wenlong, PAN Rong
    2021, 58(11): 2133-2138.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.020
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to compare the effects of corn kernels soaked and crushed in two different processing methods on voluntary feed intake (VFI) and digestion of sheep. It provides a reference for improving the digestion and feeding of corn pellets by sheep.【Method】 Six healthy small-tailed Han sheep rams aged 3 years old and weighing (55.0±3.8) kg were randomly divided into 3 groups with 2 in each group. According to the 3×3 Latin square design, each group of sheep was fed diets with the same composition (70% mixed concentrate + 30% crushed corn stalks, including 55% corn) but with different corn treatments during the three experimental periods. 1, 2 and 3), that is, whole corn as the control group (Diet 1), crushed corn (Diet 2), and whole corn soaked for 60 to 72 hours (Diet 3).【Result】 The VFI of the three diets were (1,566.9±121.6), (1,579.6±98.5)and (1,466.1±101.2) g/sheep/day. Diet 3 was significantly lower than diets 1 and 2 by 6.4% (P<0.05) and 7.2% (P<0.05). The AD of DM was (57.92±0.63), (62.63±0.53), and (66.39±0.75%) and diet 3 was significantly increased by 14.6% (P<0.05) and 6.0% (P<0.05) compared with diets 1 and 2. The DM digestibility was (907.5±59.4), (989.3±92.5) and (953.4±78.5) g/sheep/day. Diet 3 was significantly increased by 5.0% (P<0.05) and decreased by 3.6% (P<0.05) compared with diets 1 and 2. However, diet 3 and diet 2 had no significant difference in crude fiber digestibility and digestibility compared with diet 1 (P> 0.05).【Conclusion】 Feeding sheep with soaked corn in the diet will reduce the sheep's VFI, but at the same time will increase the AD of the sheep, indicating that the soaked corn feeding is more conducive to promoting the digestion of the sheep.

    Bacteriology and Drug Resistance Analysis of Dead Chickens with Bronchial Obstruction
    LIU Luyao, SUN Xue, MA Wanpeng, WANG Qi, LIU Xiaoli, SU Zhanqiang
    2021, 58(11): 2139-2147.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.021
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    【Objective】 To study chickens with bronchial obstruction by yellow and white caseous substances. The purpose of this research is to study the bacteriological basis of bronchial obstruction. 【Methods】 The samples of bronchial blockage sites of typical dead chickens in different chicken farms were collected aseptically. The bacteriological analysis was carried out by conventional bacterial isolation method combined with 1 6S DNA sequencing, and the drug sensitivity test and pathogenicity test were carried out. 【Results】 The results showed that E. coli and E.faecalis were isolated from 18 samples collected from 11 chicken farms, among which Proteus Mirabilis was isolated from 2 chicken farms and Acinetobacter Baumannii was isolated from 1 chicken farm. Mycoplasma Galliscepticum and Mycoplasma Synoviae were not detected in all the typical chicken farms. K-B drug susceptibility test showed that Escherichia coli were resistant to Ceftaxime, Chlorampenicol, Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Compound sulfamethoxazole. Enterococcus faecali were resistant to Ceftazidime, Aztreonam and Compound sulfamethoxazole. all isolates had no pathogenicity.【Conclusion】 This study shows that Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecali, Acinetobacter baumannii and Proteus mirabilis can exist alone or together in the occluded Bronchi, which may be the main synergistic factor in the formation of this pathological change, while Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were found in all detected cases with strong resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

    Avian Influenza Virus-like Particles Expressed and Assembled by Multi-copy Recombinant Pichia Pastoris
    XUE Qian, MA Wenge, Shayilan Kayizha, WANG Ping, HAN Tao, MIAO Shukui, XIA Jun, LU Guili
    2021, 58(11): 2148-2156.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.11.022
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    【Objective】 To construct multi-copy integrative pichia pastoris for expression and assembly of virus-like particles(VLPs) to support the research of genetically engineered vaccine of avian influenza virus(AIV) H5N1subtype. 【Method】 Partial 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) of Pichia pastoris GS115 strain was amplified out and inserted into enzymatic XbaⅠ and Bsp1407 sites of plasmid pPIC9K to construct multi-copy integrative vector p8K. And, structural protein HA, M and NA genes of AIV H5N1 subtype were amplified by RT-PCR to construct expression plasmids p8K-HA/M/NA, respectively. Subsequently, those expression plasmids were linearized,, mixed proportionally and electro-transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 strain, and screened on Geneticin G418 plates. Later, positive recombinants carrying multiple-copied HA, M and NA genes identified by PCR were picked out, enrichment cultured and induction expressed, harvested, broken by High speed homogenation and confirmed by Western-blot, respectively.【Result】 Cell lysates of positive recombinant yeasts confirmed by PCR method c be identified out by immunoblotting with three bands corresponding to HA, M1 and NA. And, 80~120nm virus-like particles (VLPs) be observed by electron microscopy.chickens injected by VLPs produce specific neutralization antibodies against AIV.【Conclusion】 Recombinant pichia pastoris can multi-integrate, express and assemble AIV VLPs.