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20 November 2022, Volume 59 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding・Cultivation Physiology・Germplasm Resources
Plant Protection・Prataculture・Animal Husbandry Veterinarian
Equine Exercise Physiology and Healthy Farming


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Crop Genetics and Breeding・Cultivation Physiology・Germplasm Resources

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Effect of Oxygenated Water Input on Soil Nitrogen in Loam WANG Hongyan, FU Yanbo, WANG Zhiguo, BIAN Qingyong, FENG Yaozu, RAO Xiaojuan 2022, 59(11): 2601-2613.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1700KB) ( )   【Objective】 The effects of oxygenated water with different dissolved oxygen contents on mineralization and nitrification of irrigated loam soil were studied to provide reference for exploring the response of oxygenated water input to soil fertility.【Methods】 With loam as the test soil, the contents of {\mathrm{NH}}_{\mathrm{４}}^{＋}-N and {\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{３}}^{-}-N in loam soil under different concentrations of oxygenated water input at different cultivation time were determined by using indoor soil culture test method, including conventional water (RCK), natural air oxygenated aeration (RD1), 33％ oxygenated aeration (RD2) and 90％ oxygenated aeration (RD3). The soil net nitrogen mineralization, net nitrogen mineralization rate, nitrification rate and nitrification rate were calculated, and the regression formula and model eigenvalue of soil {\mathrm{NH}}_{\mathrm{４}}^{＋}-N content and incubation time t under different treatment conditions were fitted, and then the input effects of different treatments were analyzed. 【Results】 Contrary to the change trend of the time used to reach the maximum consumption rate, the trend changes of the initial consumption rate V0 and the maximum consumption rate Vmax in the four different treatments were all RCK<RD1<RD2<RD3. The maximum value of the initial consumption rate V0 (8.950 1 mg／(kg・d)), the maximum value of the maximum consumption rate Vmax (13.019 8 mg／(kg・d)) and the minimum value of the time used to reach the maximum consumption rate TVmax (1.502 1 d) were all RD3 treatments. Under the same oxygen concentration, soil net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rate increased with time, while soil net nitrogen mineralization rate and nitrification rate decreased with time. At the same incubation period, the variation trends of soil net nitrogen mineralization, net nitrogen mineralization rate, nitrification rate and net nitrification rate were all in the relationship of RCK<RD1<RD2<RD3.【Conclusion】 Increasing the oxygen concentration of input water can enhance soil mineralization and nitrification by accelerating soil nitrogen transformation, thereby improving soil microbial activity and mineral transformation, so as to improve soil nitrogen supply capacity.

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Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on Spring Wheat Based on Water and Fertilizer Integration LUO Jingjing, LI Huaisheng, WANG Heya, AI Haifeng, WANG Bing, ZHANG Lei 2022, 59(11): 2614-2620.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (681KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the effect of chemical fertilizer reduction on spring wheat under the condition of water and fertilizer integration and provide theoretical basis for chemical fertilizer reduction of spring wheat in Tae region. 【Methods】 Spring wheat variety Ningchun 16 was used as the material, and five treatments of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer reduction, A(N0P0K0), B(N120P52.5K37.5), C (N120P105K37.5), D (N240P52.5K37.5)and E (N240P105K37.5), were adopted in the randomized block design, and the control group were A and E treatment. The effects of different chemical fertilizer reductions on agronomic traits, leaf area index, yield components, dry matter accumulation and transport, and agronomic efficiency of spring wheat were analyzed. 【Results】 The LAI of treatment C reached 7.14 at flowering stage, which was significantly higher than those of control A and E. The contribution rate of pre anthesis transport, transport rate and material transport to grain reached the highest in treatment C, and the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation to yield after anthesis reached 75.29％. Treatment C increased by 5％~24％ compared with other treatments; The highest yield was 7,964.84 kg/hm2 when the nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 50％ and the phosphorus fertilizer was unchanged, which was significantly higher than that of the control and increased by 4.52％~24.09％ compared with other weight loss models. 【Conclusion】 The performance of treatment C was the best. In conclusion, the appropriate reduction of nitrogen application can obtain high yield in wheat production and C (N120P105K37.5) treatment is more suitable for planting spring wheat in our region.

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Effects of Seed Dressing Agents on Growth Characteristics and Yield of Winter Sowing Spring Wheat Varieties Aimulaguli Kuerban, SU Wenping, WANG Huan, LIU Jun, ZHAO Xinlin, XUE Lihua, ZHANG Jianxin, WU Haixu 2022, 59(11): 2621-2627.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1020KB) ( )   【Objective】 To compare the effects of dressing agents on the fertility characteristics and yield of spring wheat varieties sowed in winter. 【Methods】 The influences of seven kinds of coatings on the seedling yield, stem number dynamics, leaf area index and photosynthesis potential, dry matter accumulation, yield, etc. after seven coatings were studied in the field. 【Results】 The results showed that 3.7％ pyrazole ether ＋ 7.3％ sterilization azole suspended seed coating agent (a), 4.6％ flurazolamide ＋ 2.2％ flurazolonil ＋ 2.2％ diphenyl ether dicyclazole suspended seed coating agent (b), compared with CK, increased the seedling rate by 19.03％ and 20.70％, respectively, the total stem peaks increased by 27.38％ and 23.44％, respectively, and the peaks of the leaf area index increased by 62.55 percent and 51.98 percent, respectively. The total photosynthetic potential increased by 87.53％ and 73.72％, respectively. The dry matter increased by 53.63％t and 37.59％, respectively, and the yield increased by 54.43％ and 38.40％, respectively.【Conclusion】 Under this test condition, the coating agent a and b have the effect of protecting seedlings and increasing the yield of winter-sown spring wheat. The main reason for increasing production is to improve the seedling yield and increase the number of ears.

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Genetic Diversity Analysis of Main Agronomic Characters of Barley Germplasm Resources MA YanMing, ZHAO LianJia, WANG Wei, AN Xuechun, XIANG Li, MIAO Yu 2022, 59(11): 2628-2636.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1019KB) ( )   【Objective】 Understanding and mastering the genetic diversity of germplasm resources is beneficial to improving the utilization efficiency of barley germplasm resources in this region.【Methods】 In this study, 157 domestic and foreign barley germplasm resources were used as materials to analyze the genetic diversity of its 14 main agronomic traits. 【Results】 6 qualitative traits had a wide range of genetic diversity indexes, ranging from 0.18 to 0.65, with an average of 0.41. The diversity of ear pose and plant type was abundant; the coefficients of variation of 8 quantitative traits had obvious differences, and the range of variation was 0.41. The range of genetic diversity index was 4.07％-24.69％, the range of genetic diversity index was 1.37-2.04, and the average value was 1.89. There was rich phenotypic diversity; the correlation analysis results showed that the 8 quality traits influenced each other and were related to each other; The principal components of the first 3 eigenvalues were selected for analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate was 73.351％. 【Conclusion】 Cluster analysis divides 157 materials into 4 major groups, the first type is high-thousand-grain heavy resources, and the second type is short-stem large-grain resources. Type III resources belongs to high stalks, multiple ears and long ears, and type IV resources has fewer ears and more grains.

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Effects of Different Planting Densities on Main Agronomic Traits and Yield of Peanuts DU Shanshan, CHEN Jinrui, LUO Jing, YAO Qingqing, SUN Huijian, HE Zhongsheng, Kurban Yasheng 2022, 59(11): 2637-2643.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (718KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different density treatments on agronomic traits and yields of Huayu 25, 33 and 36 series peanut varieties and find out the best configuration of density and yield to promote. 【Methods】 The experiments were carried out to treat 4 planting density levels (1.2×105 holes/hm2, 1.5×105 holes/hm2, 1.8×105 holes/hm2, 2.1×105 holes/hm2) by using split plot design, through the analysis of 3 Huayu series peanut varieties (Huayu 25, 33 and 36). The effects of density on the main agronomic traits, such as main stem height and lateral branch length and yield of each peanut variety under different planting densities were studied in order to select the best planting density. 【Results】 The main stem height in the density range of 1.2×105~1.5×105 holes/hm2 was significantly higher than the density of 1.8×105~2.1×105 holes/hm2; The lateral branches length in the density treatment of 1.5×105 holes/hm2 was significantly higher than other treatments by 1~6.8 cm; The number of pods per plant and well filled pods were the largest under low density, decreasing with the increase of density; Planting density had no significant difference in the effect of total branches and effective branches; Huayu 33 had the highest yield when the planting density was 1.5×105 holes/hm2 which was 4,555.58 kg/hm2, followed by Huayu 36, whose density was 1.8×105 holes/hm2, and the third was Huayu 25, whose density was 1.5×105 holes/hm2 treatment. 【Conclusion】 The planting density of Huayu series peanut varieties is 1.5×105~1.8×105 holes/hm2, which can promote the high yield of peanuts in Bazhou area of Xinjiang.

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Effects of Branch Angle on the Dwarf Interstock Zhongai 1 Photosynthetic Fluorescence Parameters of Korla Fragrant Pear CUI Huimin, Abulaike Niyazi, WANG Ruizhe, FAN Guoquan, Mansur Nasir 2022, 59(11): 2644-2651.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1185KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different branching angles on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Korla fragrant pear on the dwarf interstock of Zhongai 1 in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for establishing the most suitable branching angle for the shaping and cultivation of Korla fragrant pear young trees with dwarf stock and dense planting. 【Methods】 The 5-year-old Korla fragrant pear with Du pear was used as the base stock and Zhongai 1 as the intermediate rootstock was used as the experimental material. The differences in photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Korla fragrant pear under different branching angles were determined and analyzed. 【Results】 The results showed that the diurnal variation curves of Pn of Korla fragrant pear treated with different branching angles showed a "double peak" type, and there was an obvious photosynthetic lunch break. With the increase of the branching angle, the photosynthetic parameters of Korla fragrant pear also increased, but when the branching angle was too large, exceeding 80°, the photosynthesis of the tree was inhibited. Under 80° branching treatment, the daily average values of photosynthetic parameters Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr and Ewu of Korla fragrant pear were higher than those of other three treatments, and the daily mean values of Pn, Ci and Tr were significantly different from other treatments. ΦPSII, Cqp, CNPQ and RET had the highest daily average. 【Conclusion】 Compared with other branch-pulling treatments, the photosynthesis of Korla fragrant pear is the strongest at 80° branch-pulling angle, and the light inhibition is weak. Therefore, 80° branch-pulling angle can be used as the dwarf interstock of Korla fragrant pear Zhongai 1.

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Comparative Study on Biological Characteristics, Shoot Growth Characteristics and Fruit Quality Characteristics of Different Pear Varieties during Flowering Period WANG Ruizhe, CUI Huimin, GUO Tiequn, HE Tianming, ZHANG Bei, CHENG Jiabao, Mansur Nasir 2022, 59(11): 2652-2660.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1315KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this project is to study the flowering biology, shoot growth and fruit quality characteristics of five pear cultivars in Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang in the hope of providing a scientific reference for the selection of auxiliary planting cultivars, the configuration of pollinating trees and fruit quality evaluation during the cultivation process of Korla fragrant pear in this region.【Methods】 Korla fragrant pear were taken as the experimental control, four pear varieties, Xuexiang, Xinli No. 7, Yuluxiang and Hongxiangsu in the Korla fragrant pear family were used as the test varieties. The related indicators of intrinsic quality were analyzed, and the principal component analysis was carried out to study the flowering biology, shoot growth and fruit quality characteristics of different pear varieties. 【Results】 The pollen count and pollen activity of Xuexiang were 4,000 grains and 48.52 ％, respectively, which were close to the experimental control and significantly higher than other varieties, and the fruit setting rate of natural pollination was high, reaching 54.40 ％. The new shoots of the five pear varieties all started to grow rapidly from April 30. The sugar-acid ratio of Xinli 7 was 6.71, and the vitamin C content was 25.84, which was significantly lower than those of the experimental control, but it belonged to an early-maturing variety; the sugar-acid ratio of Xuexiang was 11.31, which was not much different from the experimental control; The sugar-acid ratio of Yuluxiang was higher than that of Korla fragrant pear, and the content of soluble solids was similar to that of the experimental control. Principal component analysis showed that the fruit quality of Xinli 7 and Xuexiang was similar. 【Conclusion】 Xuexiang, Xinli No. 7 and Yuluxiang can be selected as auxiliary cultivars of Korla fragrant pear.

Plant Protection・Prataculture・Animal Husbandry Veterinarian

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Quantitatively Evaluate the Control Function of Predatory Natural Enemies on Cotton Aphids by DNA Molecular Detection Technology WANG Dongmei, PAN Hongsheng, LI Haiqiang, DING Ruifeng, Akedan Wuwaishi, LIU Jian, LI Haobin 2022, 59(11): 2661-2667.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (778KB) ( )   【Objective】 To carry out quantitative evaluation of the control effects of predatory natural enemies on cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) by using DNA molecular detection techniques in Xinjiang cotton fields in the hope of providing important scientific and technological support for the effectively use of predatory natural enemies in biological control. 【Methods】 In this paper, we firstly carried out the correlation analysis between the population number of cotton aphids and the detection rate of cotton aphids in the midgut of predatory natural enemies by using DNA molecular detection technology, and then the dominant predatory natural enemies in Xinjiang cotton fields was determined based on the detection rate of cotton aphids. Meanwhile, the feeding preference habits of predatory ladybeetles were analyzed based on the detection rate of cotton aphids and Therioaphis trifolii in the midgut of predatory ladybeetles collected from cotton fields and adjacent alfalfa strips, respectively. 【Results】 In 2019 and 2021,the population number of cotton aphids was closely correlated with the detection rate of cotton aphids in the midgut of predatory natural enemies, and the Pearson correlation coefficients was 0.921 and 0.839, respectively. The quantitative analysis of the detection rate of cotton aphids in the midgut of different predatory natural enemies in two years showed that Hippodamia variegata was the dominant predatory natural enemy in Xinjiang cotton fields. In 2019, when predatory ladybeetles were collected from alfalfa strips, the detection rates of T.trifoliiin June, July and August were respectively 52.50％, 73.70％ and 27.95％, and the detection of rates cotton aphids in June, July and August were 0,21.10％ and 38.71％, respectively. When predatory ladybeetles were collected from cotton fields, the detection rates of cotton aphids in June, July and August were respectively 18.11％, 75.52％ and 49.53％, and the detection rates of T.trifoliiin June, July and August were 92.12％, 29.60％ and 5.61％, respectively. These results showed that predatory ladybeetles mainly feed on T. trifoliifrom alfalfa strips when the population number of cotton aphids was fewer, and they mainly feed on aphid species from their habitats when cotton aphids and T. trifolii simultaneously occurred. 【Conclusion】 The control effects of predatory natural enemies on cotton aphids could be quantitatively evaluated by using DNA molecular detection techniques. Alfalfa strips adjacent with cotton fields can provide alternative prey for predatory natural enemies, which play an important role in their conservation.

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Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Pupation and Eclosion of Overwintering Larvae of Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) DING Xinhua, WANG Xiaowu, FU Kaiyun, JIA Zunzun, Tursun Ahmat, GUO Wenchao 2022, 59(11): 2668-2674.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (716KB) ( )   【Objective】 To ascertain the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the pupation and eclosion of overwintering larvae of Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). 【Methods】 The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the pupation and eclosion of overwintering larvae of two representative populations of Ostrinia furnacalis in southern and northern Xinjiang were studied by using saturated salt solution method. 【Results】 In the range of given temperature (humidity), the progress of pupation and emergence of overwintering larvae was shortened with the increase of ambient temperature (relative humidity), and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Compared with other environments, at 28℃ and 75％ RH, the shortest chrysalis durations of southern Xinjiang population and northern Xinjiang population were (15.24％±3.02％), (14.11％±2.64％), (21.45％±2.54％) and (18.27％±1.96％), respectively. Pupation rate and eclosion rate were respectively 90.12％, 96.33％ and 76.22％ plus or minus 5.45％, 74.12％, plus or minus 6.01％, plus or minus 3.77％, 68.13％ and 64.39％ plus or minus 4.72％. 【Conclusion】 Temperature and relative humidity are the main environmental factors affecting the diapause termination and subsequent development (emergence) of Ostrinia furnacalis. The occurrence of diapause termination and subsequent development (emergence) of the overwintering generation of mature larvae of southern Xinjiang population and northern Xinjiang population geographic population show a “forward” trend with increasing temperature and relative humidity.

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Influence of Pesticide Reduction and Synergist on Utilization Rates and Droplets Distribution in Corn Field FU Kaiyun, WANG Zhihui, DING Xinhua, Tursun Ahmat, WANG Xiaowu, JIA Zunzun, Arziguli Rouzi, GUO Wenchao 2022, 59(11): 2675-2681.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (944KB) ( )   【Objective】 To validate the influence of pesticide reduction and synergist on utilization rates and droplets distribution in corn field in the hope of providing theoretical basis for protection measures based on synergist and reduction of pesticide. 【Methods】 34％ Ethoxyl methoxyhydrazide and 20％ chlorfenoxamide were sprayed in corn filed at heading stage by Dajiang Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) T16 to test the influence of synergists (Jijian, Huifeng, Oukesen) or gradient reduction of pesticide on utilization rates and droplets distribution on corn plants. 【Results】 In the treatment of pesticide reduction, reducing usage of 30％ pesticide treatment reached the maximum of droplets distribution and the utilization rates was 45.60％. Adding additive could significantly increase the utilization rates, and also droplets distribution on the upper layer on corn plant, but no influence on middle or lower layer. Adding synergist didn’t lead to a significant effect on utilization rates and droplets distribution. 【Conclusion】 There is no significant influence on utilization rates or droplets distribution by adding synergist; Adding plant protection specific UAV-additives could significantly increase utilization rates, droplets distribution and deposition density.

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Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides against Brown Rot of Pleurotus tuoliensis CHU Zhanyu, JIA Peisong, LUO Ying, Nurziya Yarmamat, FU Yongping, LI Yu 2022, 59(11): 2682-2687.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (789KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen effective fungicides for controlling brown rot of Pleurotus tuoliensis. 【Methods】 The paper disc method was used to evaluate the control effect of 20 fungicides on 5 strains of Pleurotuseryngii brown rot pathogens. 【Results】 The results showed that Zodone ethylicin and sodium dichloroisohydrourate had strong inhibitory effect on the pathogen. At the dilution concentration of 150 times, the antibacterial rate of Zodoneethylicin was 41％-50％, and at the dilution concentration of 300 times, the antibacterial rate of sodium dichloroisohydrourate was 40％-62％. The bactericidal effect of the two fungicides was obvious, and the two commercial fungicides were efficient, low toxicity and environmentally friendly fungicides. 【Conclusion】 Sodium dichloroisohydrourate and azole ketone ethyl allicin can be used as the control agents for brown rot of Pleurotus tuoliensis.

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Study on the Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of a Xenorhabdus nematophila against Grape Gray Mold CAO Linqing, ZHAN Faqiang, GAO Yujie, HOU Xinqiang, BAO Huifang, HOU Min, YANG Rong, WANG Ning, LONG Xuanqi 2022, 59(11): 2688-2695.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1360KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to optimize the fermentation conditions for the antibacterial activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila-ALL (Xenorhabdus nematophila-ALL) strains against Botrytis cinerea through single factor test and response surface methodology in the hope of further increasing the inhibition rate of antagonistic bacteria against Botrytis cinerea hyphae and lay the relevant research foundation for the future large-scale fermentation production and biological control application of Xenorhabdus nematophila-ALL strains. 【Methods】 Using the mycelial growth rate method, taking the mycelial inhibition rate as an indicator, the Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the fermentation conditions of the strains through single factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to determine the best inhibition conditions for the strains. 【Results】 The results showed that the optimal culture conditions were obtained by response surface analysis based on the single factor experiment: The initial pH of the medium was changed to 7.12, the bottling volume was 56％, and the fermentation culture time was 77h. The verified inhibition rate was 87.70％, which was 1.82 times higher than that before optimization. 【Conclusion】 The response surface optimization test effectively improves the antibacterial activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila.

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Distribution Characteristics of Cytospora spp. in Xinjiang HE Ting, CAI Guifang, JIA Haiying, ZHAI Yawei, MA Rong 2022, 59(11): 2696-2706.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1173KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the species of Cytospora and its distribution characteristics in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). 【Methods】 The research team collected a total of 2,763 specimens of Cytospora canker disease in 14 prefectures in Xinjiang and 27 species of Cytospora were identified. Based on literature data, there were 51 species of Cytospora recorded in Xinjiang. The study obtained the distribution and similarity of different Cytospora in different regions and hosts in Xinjiang through ArcGIS software, Gephi software and Spreensen formula. 【Results】 The results showed that the diversities of Cytospora species in Xinjiang Yili (31 species), Urumqi (27 species), Tacheng (21 species) and Changji (20 species) were high; Those in Kezhou (3 species), Bazhou (3 species) and Hetian (2 species) were low. Cytospora spp. could parasitize 21 families host plant, including Rosaceae (19 species), Salicaceae (18 species), Elaeagnaceae (8 species), Moraceae (1 species), Caprifoliaceae (1 species), Sapindaceae (1 species) andothers. Cytospora chrysosperma was distributed in 12 families host plants in 15 areas (cities) of Xinjiang. Cytospora spp. was abundantly distributed at an altitude of 600-900 m. And the similarity coefficient between Aksu and Turpan was the highest. 【Conclusion】 Xinjiang has recorded 51 species of Cytospora, among which, C. chrysospermais is the most widely distributed species. Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Elaeagnus are the main host plants in Xinjiang.

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Genetic Diversity of Wild Agaricus sinodeliciosus in Xinjiang LUO Ying, GUAN Yongqiang, JIA Peisong, Nurziya Yalimaimaiti, QI Haoxuan, ZHAO Zhenhao, WEI Peng, JIA Wenjie 2022, 59(11): 2707-2713.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1064KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation characteristics of Wild Agaricus sinodeliciosus in Xinjiang in the hope of providing basic materials and scientific basis for enriching and developing the germplasm resources of Agaricus sinodeliciosus and the breeding of new varieties. 【Methods】 Traditional biological method and ISSR marker technology were used to carry out the genetic diversity analysis on 20 wild Agaricus sinodeliciosus strains. 【Results】 In the mycelia culture characteristics, there were significant differences in many aspects including colony morphology and mycelium growth.16 ISSR primers amplified a total of 206 clear DNA bands, including 176 polymorphic bands with a polymorphism ratio of 83.50％. The results of cluster analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficient of each strain ranged from 0.60 to 0.91, and the 20 tested strains were divided into 8 groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.80. 【Conclusion】 The natural populations of wild Agaricus sinodeliciosus in Xinjiang has the occurrence of genetic differentiation with relatively rich genetic diversity and good domestication breeding potential.

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Effects of Water Stress on the Growth of Achnatherum inebrians CAI Sha, YUE Yonghuan, JIN Guili 2022, 59(11): 2714-2723.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2313KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to explore its drought resistance mechanism by measuring the growth characteristics of Achnatherum inebrians under water stress(water stress). 【Methods】 Te seedlings of the Achnatherum inebrians was taken as the research material, the method of simulated natural drought was used in the greenhouse to observe the phenotypic changes of the effective leaf traits, plant height, leaf area, fresh dry weight of each organ's biomass, and root-shoot ratio under normal watering and continuous water stress conditions. 【Results】 With the prolongation of the duration of water stress, the number of leaves and effective leaves of A.inebrians decreased, and the number of dead leaves increased (P<0.05). Early water stress increased the leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area of the A.inebrians, but significantly decreased after 21 d (P<0.05). water stress promoted the growth of plant height and aboveground, underground, and plant biomass, but as water stress extended to 21 d, it decreased significantly, while underground biomass allocation increased (P<0.05). After 7 days of rehydration, there was no significant difference between the indicators and the control, and the growth of A.inebrians was restored. It could be seen that under drought stress, the growth of the seedlings of the A.inebrians was hindered, but the water transpiration area was reduced by reducing the leaf area, and the underground biomass allocation was increased to improve the water use, and could quickly resume normal growth after the water stress is eliminated. 【Conclusion】 The A.inebrians adapts to water stress by increasing underground growth and reducing the growth of above-ground water evapotranspiration organs.

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Effects of Slope Aspect and Altitude on Characteristics and Diversity of Grassland Plant Communities in Wusun Mountain Mulatijiang Xiadimaimaiti, Aikebaier Yilahong, Amanula Yimingniyazi 2022, 59(11): 2724-2733.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1561KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the differences in the characteristics of grassland plant communities in different slope directions and different altitude gradients a scientific basis for the rational use of grassland vegetation resources.【Methods】 The grassland in Zhaosu County and County of Yili as the research object, the typical sample survey method was used to investigate grassland plant communities in different slope directions (south slope, north slope) and elevation gradient (1,600-3,000 m), species composition, community quantitative characteristics, and species diversity explore the distribution of grassland plant community species diversity at different altitudes and slopes.【Results】 At the same altitude gradient, there were more species on the than on the north slope; On the south slope, the diversity index showed a bimodal pattern along the altitude changes; On the north slope, the relationship between species diversity index of grassland plant community and altitude, the Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou index showed a relatively special wave-shaped change Patrick index showed a bimodal pattern.【Conclusion】 The changes of plant community characteristics and species diversity in Wusun Mountains are the result of the combined effects of various environmental factors based on altitude and slope aspect.

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Effects of Different Protein Sources on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Broilers GUAN Jinglin, GUO Tengda, CHEN Yongzhen, LIU Jinsuo, SHI Letian, ZHANG Guanghui, CHEN Pengju 2022, 59(11): 2734-2741.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (756KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of the experiment is to study the effects of different protein sources in feed on the growth performance, slaughter performance and blood biochemical indexes of AA broiler. 【Methods】 480 1-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups, each group had 8 replicates, 15 replicates each, with a total period of 42 days. During the experiment, the control group was fed with corn soybean meal basic diet, and the experimental group was fed with 5％ fermented cottonseed meal, fermented rapeseed meal, mixed fermented cottonseed meal (2.5％) and rapeseed meal (2.5％) replacing the feed of the control group. 【Results】 The results showed that the body weight of 21 day old and 42 day old fermented cottonseed meal group increased by 3.54％ and 4.52％, respectively (P<0.05), compared with the control group. Compared with the fermented cottonseed meal group and fermented rapeseed meal group, the body weight of the experimental chickens in the fermented cottonseed meal group increased significantly by 4.67％ and 3.96％, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the average daily gain of fermented cottonseed meal group increased by 4.63％ (P<0.05). Compared with fermented cottonseed meal group and fermented rapeseed meal group, the average daily gain of fermented cottonseed meal group increased by 4.76％ and 4.05％, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with the fermented cottonseed meal group, the abdominal fat rate of fermented cottonseed meal group was significantly decreased by 14.68％ (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results also showed that the average daily gain, body weight, slaughter rate and the content of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in serum of broilers in the fermented cottonseed meal group were significantly increased, but the other indexes were not affected. In conclusion, the effect of 5％ mixed fermented cottonseed meal was better than that of single addition.

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Analysis of DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression Level of LEF1 Gene in Skin Tissues of Bashbay Sheep with Different Wool Colors HOU Chenxi, HONG Wenjuan, HE Zonglong, Jueken Aniwashi 2022, 59(11): 2742-2478.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1531KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to analyze the DNA methylation and mRNA expression levels of LEF1 gene in skin tissues of red brown and blue gray Bashbay sheep. 【Methods】 The methylation level and mRNA expression of LEF1 gene promoter region in different skin tissues of Bashbay sheep were detected by BSP (sulfite Modified Sequencing PCR) and RT-RCR (real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR). 【Results】 The methylation level of LEF1 gene promoter in the skin tissue of red brown Bashbay sheep was higher than that of blue gray, and the methylation CpG sites of LEF1 gene promoter were different. At the same time, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation between the DNA methylation level of LEF1 gene promoter and the mRNA expression, and it was found that there was a significant negative correlation between them (P< 0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results show that DNA methylation level can regulate the formation of wool color in red brown and blue gray Bashbay sheep, and they can be used as a candidate genetic marker of Bashbay sheep wool color.

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Expression and Regulation Analysis of LEF1, YWHAZ and WNT2 Genes in Bashibai Sheep Skins with Different Coat Colors HONG Wenjuan, HOU Chenxi, HE Zonglong, Jueken Aniwashi 2022, 59(11): 2749-2757.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1271KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the relationship between LEF1, YWHAZ and WNT2 gene expression and coat color and lay the foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of LEF1, YWHAZ and WNT2 genes in the Wnt/β-actenin signaling pathway. 【Methods】 In the experiment, 8 black and white coats of Bashibai sheep were randomly selected, skin tissues were collected, and the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method was used to determine the amount of LEF1, WNT2 and YWHAZ genes expression in sheep skin which different colors of Bashibai sheep. And it was verified in two-way with the FPKM value of LEF1, YWHAZ and WNT2 gene transcriptome sequencing results. 【Results】 The results showed that the relative expression level of LEF1 gene in black Bashibai sheep skin tissue was (4.66±0.59), and that in white Bashibai sheep skin tissue was (0.43±0.15); the relative expression level of WNT2 gene in black Bashibai sheep tissue was (7.35±0.77), (0.36±0.11) in white Bashibai sheep skin tissue; the relative expression level of YWHAZ gene in black Bashibai sheep tissue was (4.44±0.57), and (1.02±0.23) in white Bashibai sheep skin tissue. The FPKM values of the transcriptome data of LEF1, YWHAZ, and WNT2 genes were consistent with the trend of qRT-PCR results. 【Conclusion】 Explanation: Firstly, the experimental data is authentic and reliable, and secondly, the experimental results prove that LEF1, WNT2, and YWHAZ genes are of different colors in Bashibai sheep, which is expressed in sheep skin tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of LEF1, WNT2 and YWHAZ genes in black sheep skin are higher than those in white sheep skin, indicating that LEF1, WNT2 and YWHAZ are involved in the formation of coat color, which can be used as the correlation between sheep coat color potential gene research and coat color.

Equine Exercise Physiology and Healthy Farming

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The mRNA Expression and Activity of PFKM in Different Tissues of Yili Horses WANG Jie, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, Tuerxunjiang Wumuraili, WANG Chuankun, YUAN Xinxin, WANG Tongliang, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2758-2764.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1102KB) ( )   【Objective】 To determine the differential expression of PFKM gene in different tissue sites in Yili horses in the hope of providing some research basis to clarify the function of this gene during glycolysis in the horses. 【Methods】 Total RNA was extracted from the heart, liver, clip, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, semitendinosus and external oblique of the abdomen of the Yili Horse, the relative expression of PFKM mRNA in different tissues was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. And the cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription using RNA from different tissues and GAPDH as internal reference gene. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to determine the content of related enzymes in tissues. 【Results】 PFKM gene was expressed in all of the above 8 tissues, with the highest expression level in heart tissues and the lowest in liver tissues, the expression of PFKM gene mRNA in heart was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P< 0.01). Analysis of 6-phosphofructokinase activity in eight tissues of Yili Horses showed that 6-phosphofructokinase activity in heart tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues, suggesting that in glycolytic process. 【Conclusion】 PFKM gene is involved in the regulation of glycolysis through the action of 6- PFK in the heart tissue, the results of which will lay a foundation for analyzing the effect of PFKM gene in glycolytic process.

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Polymorphism of LPL Gene and Its Relationship with Meat Quality Traits in Yili Horse WANG Jianwen, DING Yuze, LI Luling, YAO Xinkui, ZENG Yaqi, YAN Jing, REN Wanlu, WANG Chuankun, MENG Jun 2022, 59(11): 2765-2771.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL)and its effect on meat quality traits in Yili horses, and to provide technical support for the selection of specialized meat horses. 【Methods】 In this study, blood samples were collected from 41 adult Yili horses from the jugular vein and five muscle parts: deltoid muscle, latissimus dorsi, arm triceps, external oblique muscle and gluteal muscle to extract Yili horse DNA samples and determine meat quality traits. PCR sequencing was used to screen LPL gene mutation loci and perform polymorphism analysis, combined with data on meat quality traits of Yili horse and LPL gene polymorphism for association analysis. 【Results】 Two mutant loci (g.715T>C and g.12074C>A) were detected in the selected horses, both of which were intronic mutations. Only 2 genotypes were detected for both loci, which were low polymorphic loci. g.715T>C locus TT genotype horses had significantly higher dorsalis latissimus and gluteal musclewater loss rate than TC genotype horses(P<0.05), significantly greater dorsalis latissimus shear force than TC genotype horses(P<0.01), significantly less external oblique muscleshear force than TC genotype horses(P<0.05), and significantly greater deltoid muscle and gluteal muscleshear force than TC genotype horses(P<0.05). g. 12074C > A mutant horses with the CC genotype had a significantly lower water loss rate in the arm triceps and gluteal muscle(P<0.01), a significantly lower water loss rate in the latissimus dorsi and oblique abdominis than in the CA genotype(P<0.05), a significantly higher cooked meat rate in the arm triceps than in the CA genotype(P<0.01), a significantly difference of cooked meat rate was found in the deltoid muscle and oblique abdominis than in the CA genotype(P<0.05), and a significantly higher rate of shear force in the arm triceps and oblique abdominis than in the CA genotype(P<0.01).【Conclusion】 The g.715T>C and g.12074C>A loci of the LPL gene may be potential loci for meat quality traits in Yili horses.

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Effects of Different Dosages of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Blood Biochemical Indexes of Yili Horse during Lactation WU Ruichen, YAO Xinkui, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Chuankun, Arafat Aihemati, Nurtayi Kurbantai 2022, 59(11): 2772-2778.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (686KB) ( )   【Objective】 This experiment aims to investigate the effects of different doses of bamboo leaf extract on the antioxidant index, serum protein, immune index and hormone index of Yili horse during lactation in order to provide a theoretical basis for mastering the bamboo leaf extract that can be used as a new harmless additive to regulate the equine anti-oxidation, immune performance and hormones. 【Methods】 Twenty-four mares with similar body condition under grazing conditions on the same pasture in Zhaosu Stud-Farm of Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture were selected as the research objects, and they were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 horses in each group; The control group was not added with bamboo leaf extract, experiment I. Groups II and III were supplemented with bamboo leaf extract dosages 10 g/d, 20 g/d, and 30 g/d, respectively, and the feeding cycles were 60 days. On the 0 th, 15 th, 30 th, 45 th, and 60 th day, the mare's jugular vein blood was collected for analysis to study the effects of different supplementary feeding gradients on their blood biochemical indexes. 【Results】 (1) Antioxidant factors in blood: the concentration of MDA in test group III was significantly lower than that of control group and test group I (P<0.01). (2) Serum protein: The TP concentration of test group II was significantly lower than that of test groups I and III (P<0.05), and it was extremely significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01); the concentration of ALB in test group I was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05), extremely significantly lower than test group III (P<0.01); test group II GLB concentration was extremely significantly lower than the control group, test group I (P<0.01); test group I A/G was extremely significantly lower than test II, Group III (P<0.01). (3) Blood immune factors: The concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α in the test group II was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that in the test group I (P<0.05). (4) Blood hormones: The concentration of PRL in the test II group was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that in the test I group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment, supplementary feeding with bamboo leaf extract can improve the antioxidant performance of Yili horses during lactation and regulate changes in hormone content, improve milk secretion during lactation, and improve its milk production performance.

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Effects of Different Time of Yili Mare Supplementing Bamboo Leaf Extract on the Blood Biochemical Indexes of Young Foals ZHANG Xuemin, YAO Xinkui, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, Yerhanati Kadeerhan, Halisihan Bahayidin 2022, 59(11): 2779-2785.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (698KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effect of Yilimare supplementation with bamboo leaf extract on the blood biochemical indexes of young foals in this experiment. 【Methods】 24 lactating Yilimares with similar body weight, age and parity and their suckling foals were selected, and 30 g/d bamboo leaf extract was added to the mare's diet. After the mares ingested, the foals freely consumed breast milk. On the 0 th, 15 th, 30 th, 45 th, and 60 th days of the experiment, blood was collected from the young foals, and their blood immune indexes, antioxidant indexes, hormone indexes, and serum protein contents were tested. 【Results】 (1) The contents of IgG and IgM on the 15 day of feeding were significantly higher than those on 0d (P<0.01), significantly higher those than 45 d (P<0.05), and 60 d later it was significantly higher than those 0d (P<0.05). The content of TNF-αon on the 30, 45, and 60 d, was significantly higher than those 0d (P<0.01) and was significantly higher than 0 d on the 15 day (P<0.05). The IL-1β content was significantly higher than those on 0d (P<0.01) on the 30 and 45 day, and significantly higher than 0d on the 60 day (P<0.05). (2) The SOD content was significantly higher than those 45 d (P<0.01) on the 45 and 60 d, and significantly higher than 45 d (P<0.05) at 0 d. The MDA content on the 45 day was significantly lower than that on the 15 day (P<0.01), and significantly lower than on the 60 day (P<0.05). -OH content on the 45th day was extremely significantly lower than on the 15 and 60 day (P<0.01), and significantly lower than on the 0th and 30 day (P<0.05). (3) T4 level was significantly higher than 15 d on the 60 day (P<0.01), and significantly higher than 15 d on the 30th and 45 day (P<0.05). The GH level was significantly higher than 0d on the 30 and 45 day (P<0.05). The level of IGF-1 was significantly higher than that on day 30 and 45 (P<0.05). (4) The content of TP and ALB on the 45th day was extremely significantly higher than that on the 30th day (P<0.01). The GLB content was significantly higher than 0 and 30 d on the 45th day (P<0.05). The 0 d A/G was extremely significantly higher than 30 d (P<0.01), and significantly higher than 45 d (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, adding bamboo leaf extract to the diet of Yili horse mares can significantly improve the immune performance, antioxidant performance, hormone level, and serum protein content of the foal.

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Effects of Different Levels of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Yili Horse during Lactation MA Bingqiang, YAO Xinkui, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jiangwen, WANG Chuankun, Appidum Tursun 2022, 59(11): 2786-2792.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (712KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of this project is to study the effects of different levels of bamboo leaf extract on milk yield, milk composition, minerals and hormones in milk of Yili horse during lactation, so as to provide theoretical basis for scientific addition and rational application of bamboo leaf extract in diet in lactation period. 【Methods】 Twenty four mares with similar body condition in the same pasture of Zhaosu Stud Farm in Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into four groups, with 6 horses in each group. The control group was not added with bamboo leaf extract, and the experimental groups I, II and III were added with 10 g/d, 20g/d and 30g/d respectively. The feeding cycle was 56 days. During the experiment, the milk yield, milk composition, minerals and hormones of Yili horses were determined every 14 days. 【Results】 The milk yield of group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01), and the milk yield of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ (P<0.01). The milk protein rate of group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01), and the milk protein rate of group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ (P<0.05). The milk fat rate of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01), the milk fat rate of group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the milk fat rate of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.01). The lactose rate of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group, group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.01), and the lactose rate of group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The ash content of control group was significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ (P<0.01), the ash content of group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ (P<0.05), and the dry matter of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.01). The dry matter of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.01), and the dry matter of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05). The content of Ca in horse milk of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of control group, group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ. The content of estradiol in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of control group and group Ⅰ. The content of estradiol in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of control group and group Ⅰ. The of progesterone in horse milk in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ, control group and group Ⅱ (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 On the basis of feeding concentrate in this experiment, supplementation of bamboo leaf extract can increase milk yield, improve milk quality, and increase the content of calcium, estradiol and progesterone in milk.

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Effects of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Heart Rate Variability of Yili Horses during Milking LIU Ting, YAO Xinkui, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Chuankun, REN Wanlu, Busharemu Abudukadier, GAO Wanting 2022, 59(11): 2793-2799.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (666KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the changes in heart rate variability (HRV) of Yili horses during milking after supplementary feeding with bamboo leaf extract, and explore the effects of different doses and different feeding periods on milking stress of Yili horses. 【Methods】 In this experiment, 24 Yili mares with similar body shape and structure and similar parity were selected and they were fed with bamboo leaf extract for 60 days. 0-20 days was taken as stage 1, 21-40 days was taken as stage 2, and 41-60 days was taken as stage 3. The indexes of HRV were collected during milking. The selected Yili horses were randomly divided into control group (0 g/d), group Ⅰ (10 g/d), group Ⅱ (20 g/d) and group Ⅲ (30 g/d). HRV differences in different periods and doses were analyzed. 【Results】 The results during different feeding test periods showed that SDT HR in stage 3 was significantly higher than that in stage 1 (P<0.05); RMSSD in stage 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in stage 1 (P<0.05); SD1 in stage 3 was significantly higher than that in stage 1 (P<0.05); SD2 in stage 3 was significantly higher than that in stage 2 (P<0.01), and stage 2 was significantly higher than that in stage 1 (P<0.01). VLF in stage 3 was significantly higher than that in stage 1 and 2 (P<0.01); LF and HF in stage 3 were significantly higher than those in stage 1 and 2 (P<0.01); TP in stage 3 was significantly higher than that in stage 1 and 2 (P<0.01). The analysis results in different groups showed that the Mean HR in control group was significantly higher than that in test group I and the test group III (P<0.05); SD2 in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ (P<0.01) and significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); SD2 and VLF in control group were significantly lower than those in test group I (P<0.05); LF in control group and test group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in test group Ⅲ (P<0.05); HF and TP in group Ⅰ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅲ (P<0.05); LF/HF in control group was significantly lower than that in test group I (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Considering the HRV changes of horses, supplementary feeding with bamboo leaf extract to Yili horses can effectively reduce the sympathetic nerve activity and stress response of horses during milking under the test conditions.

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Effects of Supplemental Fermented Soybean Meal on Fecal Metabolites in Yili Foal Based on Metabolomics Analysis ZHONG Haojie, YAO Xinkui, LUO Penghui, MENG Jun, YAO Yueyang, WANG Chuankun, REN Wanlu 2022, 59(11): 2800-2807.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2480KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of supplementing fermented soybean meal on fecal metabolites of Yili foal, so as to explore the application effect of fermented soybean meal in the research and development of special feed for Yili foal, and for the development and digestion of special feed for Yili foal. System health provides a theoretical basis.【Methods】 In this experiment, 15 12-month-old Yili foals with similar body condition and no history of digestive system diseases were selected and randomly divided into three groups with 5 horses in each group. The control group, the test group I and the test group II were supplemented with 5％ ordinary soybean meal, 2.5％ ordinary soybean meal ＋ 2.5％ fermented soybean meal and 5％ fermented soybean meal on the basis of hay and ordinary concentrated feed, respectively. The animals were pre-fed for 7 days, and the experimental period was 56 days.【Results】 A total of 9 metabolites with significant differences were screened out, and betaine, fructosylglycine, mannitol and niacin in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). KEGG pathway analysis, mainly enriched in niacin, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and ABC transporters and other pathways.【Conclusion】 Supplemental feeding of fermented soybean meal can regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and amino acids in Yili foals, and has various biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stress relief, and osmotic pressure regulation, which is of positive significance for horse health.

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Effect of Continuous Wave Medium Frequency Electrotherapy on Blood Gas Index of Yili Horse after 1,200 M Speed Competition GAO Chenxia, MENG Jun, LV Yan, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Chuankun, Maidinamu Bulibuli, HU Zexu, Ailikamu Abilaiti, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2808-2814.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effect of continuous wave intermediate frequency electrotherapy on the fatigue recovery after the Yili horse race, analyze the changes of blood gas indexes after the Yili horse exercise in the hope of providing data support for the fatigue recovery after races. 【Methods】 After the test of 10 Yili horses, 1, 1.5, 2 mA were used to recover the horses from fatigue after the race. 7 days was taken as a cycle. On the 7th day of each cycle, blood samples were collected before the game, immediately after the game, and 30 minutes after the game, and the blood gas index data were statistically analyzed to study the effects of different electrotherapy intensities on the fatigue recovery after the Yili marathon.【Results】 After the four test groups were tested, differences were found among the pH, PCO2, cSO2, Ca2＋, Gluand Crea groups. The pH intermediate frequency electrotherapy 2 mA group was significantly lower than that of the untreated group (P<0.05); the PCO2 intermediate frequency electrotherapy 2 mA group was significantly higher than that of the untreated group (P<0.05); the cSO2 intermediate frequency electrotherapy 1.5 mA group was significantly lower than that of the untreated group(P<0.05); Ca2＋ intermediate frequency electrotherapy 1.5 mA group was extremely significantly higher than that of intermediate frequency electrotherapy 2 mA group (P<0.01), significantly higher than that of the untreated group (P<0.05); Glu intermediate frequency electrotherapy 2 mA group was extremely significantly higher than those of intermediate frequency electrotherapy 1 mA group, intermediate frequency electrotherapy 1.5 mA group and untreated group (P<0.01); Crea intermediate frequency electrotherapy 1 mA group was significantly lower than that of intermediate frequency electrotherapy 2 mA group (P<0.01), and significantly lower than that of untreated group (P<0.05), The 2 mA group of intermediate frequency electrotherapy was significantly higher than that of the 1.5 mA group of intermediate frequency electrotherapy (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The comprehensive test results found that the electrotherapy intensity 1.5 mA has a strong ability to regulate Ca2＋ and Crea, which can be used as a way for horses to recover from fatigue after a race.

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Correlation Analysis between MCT1 Gene Polymorphismsand Speed Performance in Yili Horses WU Jinqiu, ZHANG Chong, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, Jianaer Nuerdun, WANG Chuankun, YUAN Xinxin, WANG Tongliang, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2815-2821.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (888KB) ( )   【Objective】 The study the correlation between MCT1 gene polymorphism and speed performance in Yili horses, and provide technical support for the selection and breeding of specialized speed horses.【Methods】 50 2-year-old Yili horses participating in the 2,000 m speed race were selected as the research objects. The mutation site of exon 2 and 3 of MCT1 gene of Yili horse was screened by DNA direct sequencing method, and analyze its polymorphism loci and its association with the performance of Yili horse 2000 m race.【Results】 SNP site was found on the second exon of the Yili horse MCT1 gene, but no mutation site was found on the third exon of the Yili horse MCT1 gene. At g.52168582, the base T was mutated to the base G, and the mutation site was a missense mutation, which caused the encoded amino acid to be changed from phenylalanine. Acid changes to leucine, which belongs to moderate polymorphism site and is in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. There are three genotypes of TT, TG and GG. The correlation analysis with the 2000 m race results shows that the average speed of TT gene is higher than that of GG and GG. The average speed of TG genotype, and the average speed of TT genotype was significantly higher than that of GG genotype (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The TT genotype at the second exon g.52168582T>G of the MCT1 gene of Yili horses is more conducive to the 2000 m race speed of Yili horses.

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Effects of Different Track Maintenance Methods on the Gait Characteristics and Performance of Yili Horse in 1,600 M Speed Race MA Chaoxin, Adina Wusman, JIA Yiqi, CHEN Xiao, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, WANG chuankun, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2822-2830.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.029 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (726KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different track maintenance methods on the gait characteristics and race performance of Yili horses in the hope of providing basis for Yili horse breeding and track maintenance. 【Methods】 Eight Yili male horses were selected as the research objects for 1,600 m race. The high-speed camera was used to record the video materials of the gait characteristics in the straight, curve and finish under different track maintenance modes. The finish timing system recorded the horse race results and the differences of the gait characteristics and race results of Yili horses in each stage under different track maintenance modes were analyzed. 【Results】 In the straight phase, the overlap LF-TF and the stance LF of the compaction group were extremely significantly lower than those of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P<0.01).The SF of compaction group was extremely significantly higher than that of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P <0.01). The SF of the harrowing group was significantly lower than that of the ordinary group (P<0.05).The Mid SL, the SL and the stride angle of the compaction group were extremely significantly higher than those of the harrowing group (P<0.01), and significantly higher than those of the ordinary group (P<0.05). In the curve phase, the stance TH, the AP TH-LH, the stance LH, the stance TF, the overlap LH-TF, the AP TF-LF, the overlap LF-TF, the stance LF of the compaction group was extremely significantly lower than those of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P<0.01). The aerial duration and the SF of the compaction group were extremely significantly higher than those of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P<0.01).The ADSL of the compaction group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary group (P<0.05).The stride angle of the compaction group was significantly higher than that of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P<0.05).At the end stage, the AP TH-LH, the stance LH, the overlap LF-TF, the stance LF of the compaction group were significantly lower than those of the harrowing group (P<0.05).the SF of the compaction group was extremely significantly higher than that of the harrowing group (P<0.01), and that of the harrowing group was significantly lower than that of the ordinary group (P<0.05).The Hind SL of the compaction group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary group (P<0.05).The Mid SL of the compaction group was extremely significantly higher than that of the harrowing group (P<0.01), and the harrowing group was significantly lower than that of the ordinary group (P<0.05).The stride angle of the compaction group was significantly higher than that of the harrowing group and the ordinary group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this test, the stride length and stride frequency of horses in the compaction group are larger, and the race performance is the best. The difference of track conditions would lead to the difference of sports performance. Therefore, the track conditions should be considered in the process of breeding and evaluating the performance of horses to improve the accuracy of individual selection.

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Effects of Different Music on Exercise Performance and Heart Rate Variability of Yili Horse NI Xiulin, MENG Jun, OUYANG Wen, WANG Jianwen, CHE Kuangbing, Reziyanmu Nurai, Seldar Maulaturdi, Seldar Maulaturdi, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2831-2837.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.030 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (653KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the influence of different music on the exercise performance and heart rate variability (HRV) of Yili horses in the hope of providing a theoretical reference for the application of music to adjust the pre-race state in Yili horses. 【Methods】 20 Yili horses aged 3-5 years were talem as the research object, the HRV data of the horses under the conditions of light music, folk music and rock music were measured before the competition, and the results of 800 m speed competition were measured after the competition. The time domain, frequency domain, nonlinear characteristics and change law of results of R-R cycle were analyzed. 【Results】 The competition time of rock music group was extremely significantly lower than that of control group and light music group (P<0.01), significantly lower than that of folk music group (P<0.05), and significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05); SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, VLF, LF, HF, SD1 and SD2 in the light music group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), mean HR in the folk music group was significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), SDNN, RMSSD, VLF, HF, SD1 and SD2 in the rock music group were significantly higher than those in the light music group (P<0.01), pNN50 was significantly higher than those in the light music group (P<0.05), VLF was significantly higher than those in the folk music group (P<0.05), and LF was significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), LF/HF was higher than other groups (P>0.05).【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment, the light music group and the folk music group are dominated by the parasympathetic nerve before the race, which calms the horses' mood and improves the horses' welfare; The sympathetic nerves of the horses in the rock music group are dominant before the race, which can improve the excitement of the horses and enhance the competition motivation, and the balance of the sympathetic parasympathetic nervous system is relatively good, which is more conducive to the competition state of Yili horses. The appropriate application of this music in Yili horse training plays a positive role in improving the performance of 800 m speed race.

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The Influence of Training on the Gait Characteristics of Yili Horses 1,600 Meter Speed Race LI Xueyan, MENG Jun, MA Yunhui, YAO Xinkui, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, WANG Chuankun, YAN Jiabao, Kanbainuer , ZHANG Weilong 2022, 59(11): 2838-2843.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.031 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (533KB) ( )   【Objective】 This experiment aims to study the influence of training on the gait characteristics of Yili horses in the 1,600 m speed race and provide data support for the training of Yili horses in the speed race. 【Methods】 8 3-year-old Yili horses (stallions) without training were selected as the test subjects. Through the three-month speed training, the steps of the horses at different training stages in the speed race straights, corners, and sprints were collected to analyze the differences in gait characteristics at different training stages. 【Results】 The average speed of the Yili horse in the post training stage was significantly higher than that in the early training stage (P<0.05); the stance traYiling hindlimb was significantly lower in the early training stage than the mid-training stage (P<0.05), and the stance leading forelimb was significant lower in the early and post training stage than the mid-training stage (P<0.05), the overlap trailing hindlimb-leading hindlimb was significantly lower in the early training period than in the mid- and post-training stage (P<0.05); the swing trailing hindlimb in the mid-training stage was significantly lower than that in the post training stage (P<0.05). The swing leading hindlimb in the mid-training was significantly lower than that of the early and post-training stage (P<0.05). The swing trailing forelimb in the mid-training was significantly lower than that of the early training (P<0.05), The swing leading forelimb in the mid-training was significantly lower than the early and post-training stage (P<0.05); the aerial duration in the mid-training stage is significantly lower than the early and post-training stage (P<0.05); the instantaneous speed in the early training stage is significantly lower than the late training period (P<0.05); The fore stride length in the early and mid-training stageis significantly smaller than post-training stage (P<0.05), the aerial duration stride length in the mid-training stage is significantly smaller in the post-training stage (P<0.05), and the stride length in the early and mid-training stage is significantly smaller than in the post training stage (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The analysis of the gait characteristics of the Yili horse speed race at different training stages shows that after 3 months of training, the Yili horse’s speed, stance phase, swing phase, and stride length during the flight stage have all undergone significant changes. These gait characteristics can be used as relevant reference indicators for horse training and performance evaluation. Therefore, during speed horse training, the gait characteristics of horses can be measured to evaluate horse sports performance.

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Correlation Analysis of Limb Angle and Jumping Gait Characteristics in 80 cm Height of Jumping Horses YANG Yuyao, Subinuer Kahaer, DOU Rongqian, YIN Wenbin, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, GUO Yaya, YANG Kaifeng, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2844-2851.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.032 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (645KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the correlation between static limb angle and four stages' gait characteristics by measuring the obstacle climbing performance of the obstacle horse at 80 cm height, and screen out the limb angle indexes related to obstacle climbing performance were in the hope of providing theoretical basis for the study of the body structure of the obstacle horse.【Methods】 The static limb angles and gait characteristics of 20 obstacle horses were recorded by high speed camera. Kinovea video analysis software was used to extract static limb angle and gait characteristic data of four stages, and after that, the correlation between limb angle and gait characteristic was analyzed.【Results】 At the take-off stage, the head pitch angle was significantly positively correlated with the rear hoof support phase (P< 0.05), and significantly negatively correlated with the take-off position (P< 0.05). In the hanging stage, there was a significant positive correlation between the posterior ball joint and the anterior posterior hoof swing phase (P< 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between head pitch angle and jump distance (P < 0.05). In the landing stage, there was a significant positive correlation between the hind hock and the forelimb double support phase (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the posterior ball joint and the bistrut phase of the forelimb (P< 0.01). In the buffering stage, there was a significant positive correlation between foreball joint and stride frequency (P< 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the angle of femur and the posterior anterior hoof swing phase (P< 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between knee joint and stride length in the flight period (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between head pitch angle and forefoot swing phase (P< 0.01).【Conclusion】 In the 80 cm obstacle jumping process, the pitch angle of obstacle horse's head has significant influence on the take-off stage, hanging stage and buffering stage. The hip angle has a significant effect on the take-off and landing stages. The angle of the rear ball joint has significant influence on the hover stage and the landing stage. Joint angles, such as head pitch angle, hip angle and posterior ball angle, can be used as important body structure indexes to evaluate the obstacle climbing performance of horses.

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Establishment and Analysis of the 90 cm Forelimb Motion Model of Obstacle Horse WANG Tongliang, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, YAO Xinkui 2022, 59(11): 2852-2860.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.033 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (695KB) ( )   【Objective】 The obstacle crossing trajectory data at the height of 90cm of steeplecstatics was measured to establish the law of obstacle crossing motion of each joint, and the gaussian or polynomial optimal fitting model was screened to provide theoretical support for the construction of obstacle racing performance measurement system.【Method】 High speed camera was used to collect video materials, and Curve Fitting tool kit in MATLAB was used to fit the obstacle trajectory and match the results with the second, third, fourth and fifth order polynomial function model and the second, third, fourth and fifth order Gaussian function model.【Results】 The fitting degree between the motion law and gaussian function model is significantly better than that of polynomial function model (P<0.01).The motion law and the third-order Gaussian function model of the front hoofs are significantly better than the third-order polynomial function model (P<0.01).The fitting degree of the motion law of the front spherical joint with the fourth - and fifth-order Gaussian function model is significantly better than that of the second - and third-order Gaussian function model (P<0.01).The fitting degree of motion law and polynomial function model of shoulder joint and wrist joint was significantly better than that of Gaussian function model (P<0.05).The fitting degree of the elbow joint motion law and the fourth and fifth order polynomial function model is significantly better than that of the second and third order polynomial function model (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 It is suitable to fit gaussian function model for the law of obstacle crossing movement of scapula, fore hoof and fore Fetlock joint.The obstacle breaking motion law of shoulder, wrist and elbow is suitable to fit the polynomial function model.The related reference indexes of obstacle racing performance measurement.