Abstract: 【Objective】 This project aims to study the changes of soil nutrients and crop yield under cotton-peanut rotation mode in order to provide a theoretical basis for industrial adjustment in oasis agricultural area of Xinjiang. 【Methods】 The experiment was a long-term positioning experiment. According to the rotation crops, there wee four treatments: cotton-peanut, peanut-cotton, peanut-peanut and cotton-cotton (the last two were the control treatment). Soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm after the harvest of each rotation crop, and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were determined. 【Results】 Under the cotton peanut rotation mode, the content of available phosphorus in 0-20 cm soil was the highest, which was about twice that of cotton continuous cropping, and the content of soil available potassium was significantly higher than that of cotton continuous cropping. The content of soil total nitrogen was the highest under the peanut continuous cropping mode in 0-40 cm soil layer, and the content of soil hydrolytic nitrogen was the highest under the cotton peanut cropping mode; In terms of yield, the yield of peanut and cotton under cotton peanut rotation was higher than that of cotton and peanut continuous cropping, and the yield of peanut under cotton peanut planting mode was 16.33% higher than that under peanut planting mode; Under peanut cotton rotation, cotton yield increased by 9% compared with cotton continuous cropping. 【Conclusion】 Cotton-peanut rotation planting mode can improve soil fertility and crop yield in continuous cropping cotton field in Xinjiang.