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20 June 2018, Volume 55 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Models for Estimating Canopy Chlorophyll Content of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji Cultivar Yanfu No.10 Using Hyperspectral Reflectance DONG Miao, WANG Zhen-xi 2018, 55(6): 981-990.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1261KB) ( )   【Objective】 The project aims to seek a fast, simple and non-destructive model for estimating chlorophyll content in apple canopy when using chlorophyll content and canopy hyperspectral reflectance ofMalus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji cultivar Yanfu No.10 as data sources.【Method】Based on the analysis of the correlation between chlorophyll content and the original canopy spectral elements (R), a new correspondence was established by using sensitive bands, and a variety of regression models for estimating the chlorophyll content of Yanfu No. 10 are established, and the accuracy of different models was evaluated.【Result】The accuracy of estimating chlorophyll content of Yanfu No.10 by differential spectrum was significantly higher than that of original spectral reflectance, and better fitting degree of derivative variables was obtained by using the new definition of combination of sensitive bands; Among the multiple regression methods, the optimal model was a cubic polynomial model defined by a combination of seven bands, such as 357 nm, with the precision of 0.839.【Conclusion】Quantitative inversion of chlorophyll content of Yanfu No.10 in Aksu area of southern Xinjiang basin is feasible by using spectral technique. By studying the estimation method of hyperspectral characteristics and chlorophyll content of Yanfu No.10. Red Fuji canopy, good results have been achieved, which has laid a foundation for rapid diagnosis of regional apple tree nutrition, and provided information support for the precision management ofMalus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji, as well. And at the same time, it has provided a reference for the spectral scale research.

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Estimation Models for Foliar Fe Content of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Using Hyperspectral Reflectance LIU Yu-xia, WANG Zhen-xi, LI Yuan, DING Ya, QU Yu-hong, DONG Miao 2018, 55(6): 991-1001.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1423KB) ( )   【Objective】 A hyperspectral estimation model of ferritin content in leaves of Yanfu 10 (Malus domestica Borkh.Yanfu No. 10) was constructed at the leaf level in order to provide a technical approach for exploring real-time, efficient and lossless nutrient diagnosis of fruit trees.【Method】First, we determined the spectral reflectance and foliar Fe content of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Yanfu No.10, and then analyzed them by adopting the spectral methods and correlation analysis technology. Next, we selected the spectral reflectance combinations with strong correlation with foliar Fe content. Finally, the partial least squares (PLS) regression models were established based on sensitive wavebands.【Result】The results showed that the four sensitive wavebands R′990、R′1,113、R′1,360、R′1,408 were obtained, and the highest correlation coefficient between foliar Fe content and first-order differential spectrum was －0.698,9. Through the approach of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing the sensitive wavebands with each other to find the optimal spectral reflectance variant, the highest correlation coefficient was 0.846,2. The R2 of training model reached to 0.827,5.【Conclusion】The correlation between foliar first differential spectrum and Fe content was significant (P﹤0.05). Spectral combination could significantly improve the correlation. The accuracy of partial least square (PLS) method is better than that of stepwise regression modeling,so it can be used to estimate the foliar Fe content of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Yanfu No.10 using hyperspectrum.

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Effects of Different Rootstocks on the Accumulation of Sugar on Crimson Seedless Grapes ZHONG Hai-xia, ZHANG Fu-chun, ZHOU Xiao-ming, PAN Ming-qi, ZHANG Wen, XIE Hui, HAN Shou-an, Ermek Caiksimu, WU Xin-yu 2018, 55(6): 1002-1010.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1402KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to select an excellent rootstock with soluble sugar content in Crimson seedless grape fruit in the hope of providing the theoretical basis for fruit quality regulation.【Method】The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in fruit development were measured by HPLC technique with 7 different rootstock and 4 year old Crimson seedless grapes and self-rooted seedlings, and the activity of glucose metabolism related enzymes was measured, and the effects of different rootstocks on the dynamic changes of sugar accumulation and sucrose metabolization-related enzyme activity in the seedless grape fruit of Crimson and the correlation between them were studied.【Result】In the fruit development process, the sugar accumulation of Crimson seedless grape rootstock grafted seedling and self root was mainly glucose and fructose, and sucrose was supplemented. Rootstock grafting can improve the soluble sugar accumulation of crimson seedless grape to different degrees, and there was great difference between the different rootstocks, 5BB, 5C, 101-14 MG and SO4 grafting could significantly increase sucrose, glucose, fructose and total sugar in fruits. The ratio of soluble sugar to 101-14 MG was increased by 14.67% and the promotion effect was most obvious. However, beta and 188-08 could not improve the sugar content in fruits. In the middle of development (after 75 d), the activity of the enzyme reached its peak, while the sucrose synthase was ascending and the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) was ascending and then rising. Compared with the self root, the 101-14MG of the 7 rootstocks was more beneficial to improve the AI and SS-c activity of the Crimson seedless grape, the SO4 was more beneficial to improve its SS-c and SPS activity, and the content of sugar component in grafted seedlings was more correlated with AI, SPS and SS-s activity. The interaction affected the change of soluble sugar content, among which, SS-s contributed the most to the accumulation of sugar.【Conclusion】The grafts of SO4, (101-14) MG. (5BB) and 5C grafted with 7 rootstocks grafted in Crimson seedless grapes can significantly increase the accumulation of soluble sugar in fruit, among which, 101-14MG performance is the best. The accumulation of soluble sugar in Crimson seedlings is the result of the co-regulation of AI, SPS and SS-s activities, and among them, the SS-s is the most important regulating factor in sugar accumulation of Crimson seedless grape fruit.

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Study on Grafting Affinity of 4 New Apple Varieties and Dwarfing Intermediate Stock DIAO Yong-qiang1,2, CHEN Shu-ying1,2, SHANG Zhen-jiang1, LU Lei1, WANG Jin1, LIU Jun1,2 2018, 55(6): 1011-1016.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1098KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to research the grafting affinity of different apple varieties and dwarf rootstocks.【Method】The experiment on the growth adaptability and the graft affinity was carried out based on the introduction of new varieties of Hanfu, Honeycrisp, Gale Gala, Huashuo and GM256 rootstocks, the cold resistance of different varieties was also evaluated combining with field freeze injury investigation.【Result】Xinjiang wild apple (Malus sieversii) was used as base stock and grafted with GM256 interstock. The average survival rate was 79.5%. The grafting survival rate of different apple varieties (Hanfu, Honeycrisp, Gale Gala, Huashuo) with GM256 as interstock was higher than that of control., among which, the one grafted with Honeycrisp was the highest, up to 86%, but the healing condition was poor and the wind break rate was the highest, too, up to 33.7%; The survival rate of grafting Hanfu was 72%,with good healing;And the wind break rate was the lowest, only reaching 4.2%, Honeycrisp had strong cold resistance, in case of the smallest average freezing injury index of apple varieties, only 0.14%;The highest was Gale Gala, showing that the degree of freezing injury was the most serious, and the cold resistance was the weakest.【Conclusion】The suitable rootstock scion combination is "Malus sieversii/ GM256/Hanfu", which might be suitable for cultivation in Yili area.

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Clonal Analysis of kfpSPL Gene and Its Promoter in Korla Fragrant Pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis) WANG Yu-kai, ZHAO Huan, NIU Jian-xin 2018, 55(6): 1017-1026.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1823KB) ( )   【Objective】 'Korla fragrant pear' is an important economic crop in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The nutritious, fragrant, and tasty fruit is exported to all parts of the world. Korla fragrant pear can have both a persistent and a deciduous calyx. The persistent calyx causes the fruit to be deformed, thus reducing its market value. The objective of this study was to clone and analyze the sequence of the Korla fragrant pear SPL (kfpSPL) gene and its promoter.【Method】Flowers of Korla fragrant pear were collected in an orchard at Shayidong, Korla, Xinjiang. The first flowers to open in a cluster during full bloom were collected from three trees. The flowers were immediately frozen in liquid N and stored at -70°C. Primer Premier 5.0 software was used to design a pair of primers based on the cDNA sequence of the kfpSPL gene as well as genomic information from P. bretschneideri. The specificity of the primers was verified by sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated from the flower samples using a plant genome extraction kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) and quantified using an ultramicroprotein nucleic acid analyzer (NANODrop 2000, Thermo, USA). The quality of both the genomic DNA and the upstream regulatory sequence of kfpSPL was verified using agarose gel electrophoresis (1%). The local BLAST program was used to analyze the similarity of the nucleotide sequences. DNAMAN software was then used to analyze and edit the genomic DNA and upstream regulatory sequence of kfpSPL. Two databases, PLACE and Plant Care, were used to analyze and predict the promoter's cis-acting elements.【Result】A genomic DNA sequence with a length of 3,320 bp and an upstream regulatory sequence with a length of 2,332 bp were obtained by PCR. The DNA of the genome was 99% homologous to a sequence of the same length in the P. bretschneideri scaffold. The E value was 0. A sequence (301708-305026 nt) in scaffold 291.0 loci corresponded with an upstream regulatory sequence (300845-300878 nt) in the P. bretschneideri scaffold. The sequences had 85% homology. The E value was 2.7. The genomic DNA sequence of kfpSPL had three introns and a total length of 1,728 bp. The first intron was located at 407-949 nt in the genomic DNA, the second intron was at 962-2,386 nt, and the third intron was at 2,530-2,673 nt. The promoter sequence of the clone was searched in the database of the pear genome sequence. The 1-796 and 1,042-2,332 nt positions of the upstream promoter sequence of kfpSPL were respectively compared with the 290,783-289,988 and 289,990-288,701 nt positions in scaffold291.0 of the pear genome sequence database. The homologies were 96% and 97% and the E value was 0. The upstream promoter sequence of kfpSPL was slightly different than the upstream promoter sequence of Dangshan Pear in scaffold 291.0. The 797-1,041 nt position of the upstream promoter sequence of kfpSPL did not match the pear genome sequence database, indicating that intervarietal differences existed between Korla pear and Dangshan Pear. Insertion mutations were observed at 161-162, 1,345-1,350, 1,375-1,377, and 2,129-2,137 nt in the upstream promoter sequence of kfpSPL. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the kfpSPL promoter sequence included transcriptional regulatory elements related to hormonal regulation, including Gibberellin-responsive cis-acting elements (GARE-motif and P-box), light responsive cis-acting elements (ACE, Box II, CATT-motif, G-box, TCT-motif, and Box4), defense and stress responsive cis-acting element (TC-rich repeats), promoter and enhancer region cis-acting elements (CAAT-box), and core promoter element of transcription start cis-acting elements (TATA-box). 【Conclusion】In this study, we cloned and analyzed (i) the DNA sequence of the kfpSPL genome and (ii) the upstream regulatory sequence of kfpSPL. The kfpSPL promoter sequence has gibberellin-responsive cis-acting elements, light responsive cis-acting elements, wound responsive cis-acting elements, jasmonic acid responsive cis-acting element, salicylic acid reactive component, promoter and enhancer regions cis-acting elements, shedding acid reaction cis-acting elements, high transcriptional horizontal cis-acting elements, meristematic tissue expresses the cis-acting element, and the endosperm expresses the cis-acting regulatory elements. The numerous cis-acting elements suggest that growth regulators can regulate the expression level of kfpSPL genes in the calyx. Previous research findings in our laboratory indicated that the expression of the kfpSPL gene was increased by ABA, ETH and NAA. Furthermore, the influence of PBO and GA on kfpSPL expression varied depending on the time after treatment and on tree vigor (flowers on trees with high vigor had a persistent calyx, whereas those on trees with low vigor had a deciduous calyx). The results suggest that the kfpSPL gene may have some control over hormones in the calyx of Korla fragrant pear. Therefore, these treatments may affect calyx persistence in Korla fragrant pear. Overall, the results indicate that many cis-acting elements are significant to the transcription and regulation of the kfpSPL gene. Additional studies are needed to determine how these cis-acting elements specifically regulate the expression of the kfpSPL gene.

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Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon of Spruce Forest along Elevation Gradients in Tianshan Mountains LUO Lei1, WANG Lei1, GAO Jian1, Naditi2, Patiguli1 , GAO Ya-qi1, SHI Ying-jun3 2018, 55(6): 1027-1035.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1426KB) ( )   【Objective】 It is of great significance to develop the correlation analysis of soil organic carbon content with elevation gradient and other soil factors in regional scale, the research of which might have an important guiding meaning for accurate estimates of our forest ecosystem soil organic carbon pool.【Method】In order to study the effect of altitude on soil organic carbon content in the middle of Tianshan Mountain, this paper studied the soil organic carbon content in three sample areas of Tianshan Mountain, Xinjiang, and used single factor variance analysis and minimum significant difference method to analyze the soil organic carbon content. The vertical distribution and accumulation of organic carbon in different soil layers at different elevations and their relationship with soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus and PH value were studied.【Result】The results showed that the soil organic carbon content in different forest regions decreased gradually with the depth of soil layer at different elevation gradients, and the influence of elevation gradient on organic carbon content was obvious, especially at 2,000 m and 2,200 m, the highest content of soil organic carbon was 1,800 m, especially at 2,000 m and 2,200 m. The lowest was at 2,400 m. 【Conclusion】In three forest areas, there was no significant correlation between soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen content, and the soil organic carbon content was positively correlated with total nitrogen content and soil total phosphorus content was significantly positively correlated, but had a weak negative correlation with soil pH value.

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Nutrient Accumulation Characteristics and Dynamic Change of Natural Populus euphratica Forest in the Tarim River Basin WANG Xin-ying, SHI Jun-hui, LIU Mao-xiu 2018, 55(6): 1036-1045.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1163KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the nutrient accumulation and change characteristics of natural Populus euphratica forest in Tarim River Basin in the hope of providing scientific basis for vegetation rehibilitation and tending management of the forest in this area.【Method】Taking the natural Populus euphratica forest in the Tarim River Basin as the research object, the characteristics of nutrient distribution and accumulation in different organs of Populus euphratica forest were studied by means of field standard felling whole tree and indoor nutrient analysis. Based on the data of two forest resources investigations in Xinjiang, the dynamic changes of nutrient accumulation in populus euphratica forest during the past 12 years were analysed.【Result】(1) In general, the order of average N content in different organs of Populus euphratica was leaf > branch > root, the P content was: root > leaf > branch and the K content was: leaf > root > branch. The effects of age on N and P contents were not significant, indicating that N and P contents in various organs were stable during the development of Populus euphratica.(2)Analysis of the average nutrient content and N content of Populus euphratica forest of different age groups showed that the order of average N content from high to low was mature forest > overmature forest > middle age forest > young forest > near mature forest. The average contents of P and K decreased first and then increased with the increase of age group. The variance analysis showed that the age group had no significant effect on the content of N and K in Populus euphratica, but a significant effect on content of P(P=0.059). (3) With increase of age of Populus euphratica, the net productivity of forest stand decreased first, then increased and then decreased, and reached the highest in the mature forest stage, which was 3,523.65 kg/(hm2·a);The nutrient accumulation of Populus euphratica per unit area of Populus euphratica forest was the highest in mature forest (34.03 kg/(hm2·a)) and the lowest in overmature forest only 15.84 kg/(hm2·a). (15.84 kg/(hm2·a)). (4) According to second class investigation for secondary forest resources in Xinjiang, the area of Populus euphratica forest in 2014 increased by 16.29% than that in 2003, reaching 560,288.82 hm2,wherein the area of young forest and immature forest reduced, area of near-mature forest, mature forest and over-mature forest increased; the accumulated gross of N, P and K increased by 18.68% compared with that in 2003, reaching 12,619,763.76 kg/a. Among them, the quality of nutrient accumulation in mature forest was the highest, accounting for 35.67% of the total accumulation, and the young forest was the lowest, accounting for only 1.62% of the total.【Conclusion】The nutrient quality of Populus euphratica is the highest in the mature forest stage. In the conservation and ecological rehibilitation project of populus euphratica forest, it is necessary to strengthen the tending and management of other forest ages so as to provide a strong guarantee for the maintenance of ecological balance and environmental protection in the Tarim River Basin.

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Research on the Agronomic and Economic Characters of a Semi-Dwarf Mutant -sd in Cotton by Free-Topping ZHOU Xiao-yun1, GUO Gang2, MA Dun1 2018, 55(6): 1046-1055.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1725KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of free-topping on the agronomic and yield characters of the semi-dwarf mutant sd in cotton, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for cotton production mechanization.【Method】The cultivated upland cotton variety Xinluzao 17 and its dwarf mutant sd were used as materials. The effects of treatment with non-topping and mepiquat-chloride on agronomical and yield traits of two kinds of cottons were compared.【Result】Under the condition of treatment with non-topping and mepiquat-chloride, compared with other three treatments, the plant heights of the mutant sd were significantly different, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits. There was a significant difference in its plant height between non-topping and topping, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits such as the height of the starting fruit branch, the beginning branch of the starting fruit branch and the Internode length of main stem.【Conclusion】 Under the condition of treatment with non-toped and mepiquat-chloride, the plant type of the mutant sd is stable, and its average plant height is 65 cm at maturity, and its shoot tip growth tends to stop at the later stage and can be exempted from topping. Moreover, the mutant sd has a good concentration of opening and a moderate opening rate, a high flowering rate before frost, and a compact plant type. Its first fruit height is more than 18 cm. Its main stem internode length is 5-6 cm. Its average number of bolls is 5.5, which is mostly distributed in the middle fruit branch. The morphological characteristics of the mutant sd meet the requirements of the machine-harvesting cotton morphology. It can be used as an important germplasm for cotton plant breeding and provides an effective resource reserve for the cultivation of cotton varieties with stable plant height and suitable mechanically harvested cotton variety without topping variety.

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Effects of Different Plant Densities on Stem Morphology Characteristics and Lodging Resistance in Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation LIANG Yu-chao1, ZHANG Yong-qiang1, SHI Shu-bing2, CHEN Xing-wu1, Sailihan Han1, XUE Li-hua1, LEI Jun-jie1 2018, 55(6): 1056-1064.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1441KB) ( )   【Objective】 To reveal the rules of different plant densities on stem morphology characteristic and lodging resistance of winter wheat under drip irrigation.【Method】The field experiment was conducted with 4 plant densities: M1(525×104 / hm2),M2(600×104 / hm2),M3(675×104 / hm2) and M4(750×104/ hm2). The effects of different planting densities on the physical and chemical characteristics of winter wheat, such as height, height of center of gravity, length of base internode, stem diameter of base internode and fresh weight of stem, and the physical and chemical characteristics of internode flexural strength, internode plumpness and lignin content of stem base, and effect on yield factors and yield factors were studied.【Result】The height of the plant height, length of the basal internode and the height of the center of gravity increased with the increase of the sowing densities, and the lignin content and the plumpness of the basal internode of the stem decreased with the increase of densities. With the increase of densities, the lodging resistance index of each stalk decreased, the highest yield was M2 treatment, which was 7,371.19 kg/hm2, which increased by 1.82%, 3.45% and 10.77% compared with M3, M1 and M4 respectively, and the field lodging rate was the highest of M4 treatment, which was 61.1%.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of this experiment, when the planting density was 600×104 / hm2, the grain yield of winter wheat was the highest, the height of stem was suitable, the height of the center of gravity was relatively low and the lodging resistance index was relatively high.

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Effect of Different Organic Acids on Cadmium Pollution in Calcareous Soil WANG Bo, ZHANG Shi-hao, LI Jun-hua 2018, 55(6): 1065-1073.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1478KB) ( )   【Objective】 Organic acids can affect soil adsorption or soil desorption of heavy metals. In this study, we aims to explore the effect of combining different organic acids with the drip irrigation on the cadmium remediation in calcareous soil.【Method】In this pot experiment, organic acid solution was dripped into the soil in different periods to determine the different forms of cadmium in maize and cabbage soil.【Result】The effects of different molecular organic acids on the remediation of cadmium in Chinese cabbage was in the order of citric acid > tartaric acid > oxalic acid > fulvic acid,and citric acid > oxalic acid > fulvic acid > tartaric acid in corn soil. For mixed acid and single organic acid, the overall remediation effect of cadmium in Chinese cabbage was in the order of tartaric acid > oxalic acid + fulvic acid > tartaric acid + fulvic acid > oxalic acid > fulvic acid, and oxalic acid > fulvic acid > oxalic acid + fulvic acid > tartaric acid > tartaric acid + fulvic acid in corn soil. The effect of organic fertilizer extracted from nitric acid on both corn and Chinese cabbage was better.【Conclusion】In Chinese cabbage soil, citric acid alone and tartaric acid alone have the better remediation effect, and citric acid and oxalic acid was better in corn soil. Remediation effect of nitric acid organic fertilizer extract was better for both crops.

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Effects of Saline and Alkaline Stress on Soil Bacterial Community Structure ZHANG Hui-min, GUO Hui-juan, HOU Zhen-an 2018, 55(6): 1074-1084.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1505KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to understand the effects of different saline-alkali types on soil bacterial community.【Method】The experiment set 3 types of saline-alkali (NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3+NaHCO3) conditions, each salt and alkali type had three salt (alkali) degrees.【Result】The results showed that different salt and alkali stress had little effect on the α-diversity (Shannon and Simpson index) of soil bacterial community, while the Chao1 and Ace richness index in soil under Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 stress decreased significantly. The β-diversity of soil bacterial community in NaCl mild salinity treatment was not significantly compared with the control, but the bacterial community structure of other salinity-alkali soil changed significantly. The dominant phylum of soil bacteria were Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The phylum of Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes of bacteria increased, and Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae decreased under saline-alkali stress soil. Under NaCl stress, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Firmicutes were increased, while the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and Thermomicrobia increased under Na2SO4 stress, and Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia was increased under Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 alkali stress. 【Conclusion】Therefore, the soil bacterial community can adapt to saline-alkali stress by adjusting the species composition, and different types of salinity and salinity stress result in significant differences in soil bacterial communities.

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Optimization, Purifcation and Preliminary Structural Characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. Polysaccharides WANG Xu-hui1,2, XU Xin 3, WANG Hui2, YE Kai2, TU Zhen-dong2, CHAO Qun-fang1 2018, 55(6): 1085-1097.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1684KB) ( )   【Objective】 The extraction of Artemisia rupestris L. polysaccharides (ARP) from Xinjiang was optimized by response surface method, and its separation, purification and preliminary structure analysis of ARP were carried out.【Method】Using Artemisia rupestris L. in Xinjiang as the raw material, ARP were obtained through ultrasonic-assisted method, Sevag deproteinization, DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G-100 gel filter column chromatographies. The structure of the ARP was analyzed and characterized by ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy.【Result】A yield of ARP of 3.92%± 0.065% was obtained under optimized process condition (ultrasonic power 716 W, ratio of water to raw material 36 and ultrasonic time 25 min). The crude polysaccharides were purifed by fltration, DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography in that order. A fraction, ARP-2 was obtained through the extraction and purifcation steps. The absorption spectra of the polysaccharides showed that the polysaccharides-related absorption peaks at 917, 1,100, 1,147, 1,332, 1,423, 1,611, 1,742, 2,939 and 3,410 cm-1.【Conclusion】The optimized preparation process of ARP is reasonable and feasible. UV scanning showed that ARP-2 had no apparent absorption peaks of nucleic acid and protein. The characteristic absorption peak of ARP-2 containing polysaccharides was obtained by IR analysis, which has laid a foundation for the structural analysis and the pharmacological activity of ARP.

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The Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Antagonistic Bacteria JK1 against Jujube Black Rot WANG Ning1, HOU Min1, FANG Shi-jie2, Ghenijan Osman1, HOU Xin-qiang1, YANG Rong1, BAO Hui-fang1 2018, 55(6): 1098-1106.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1297KB) ( )   【Objective】 The project aims to optimize the fermentation media of antagonistic bacteria JK1 against jujube black rot by response surface methodology in the hope of improving the concentration of spores in flask culture conditions.【Method】After determining the carbon and nitrogen source of the medium by single factor experiment, the most important factors affecting the fermentation of JK1 in the fermentation medium were analyzed by the Plackett Burman test and then the steepest slope method was used to test the main factors and the optimum range of the main factors was obtained. Finally, the optimal level of the main factors was ascertained by response surface analysis.【Result】The optimal formulation of fermentation medium was: malt extract 25.00 g/L, glucose 0.57 g/L, soya peptone 12.5 g/L, NaCl 2.7 g/L, K2HPO4 0.25 g/L and MgSO4 0.62g/L.【Conclusion】JK1 was cultured by the optimized fermentation medium, and the count of spore increased 3.4 times and reached 4.92 × 109 CFU/mL., which had provided data for the further application of Bacillus polymyxides.

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Analysis of Soil Microbial Diversity in Root Zone of Walnut Orchard with Different Levels of Rot Disease GU Mei-ying1, XU Wan-li2, ZHANG Zhi-dong1, TANG Guang-mu2, TANG Qi-yong1, GU Yu-zhong3, SONG Su-qin1, Gulinisha Shayimu1, YANG Bo4, FENG Lei2 2018, 55(6): 1107-1116.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1241KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the relationship between quantities and functional diversity of soil microorganism and walnut rot disease and provide a theoretical basis for the further prevention and control of walnut rot disease by microbiological control techniques.【Method】Soils of 12 years walnut trees at health, mild disease, moderate degree and severe disease status were taken as the research object to determine microbial diversity in root soil using culturable microorganism count and biolog ecological plate and to analyze the correlation microbial diversity with the degree of disease.【Result】The results showed that there were significant differences in the number of three culturable microbes in the rhizosphere soil of walnut with different degrees of rot disease. Compared with the healthy soil, the numbers soil bacteria in different levels of soil increased first and then decreased, the soil of mild and moderate onset soil increased by 15.67% and 12.28% respectively, and the soil of severe onset decreased slightly by 33.46%.. The number of soil actinomycetes in moderate and severe soil decreased by 47.33%, 32.98% and 19.27% respectively, and the number of fungi decreased by 49.32, 22.68% and 42.68%, respectively. The utilization of Biolog carbon sources showed that soil microbial diversity of walnut rot was significantly different with different degrees of disease. From the AWCD value of 144 h, it could be seen that the microbial activity in the soil of mild disease was the highest. The healthy soil decreased by 12.03%,the soil of moderate and severe disease decreased by 14.56% and 18.42% compared with the soil of mild disease respectively. The Shannon richness index (H) of mild disease soil was higher than that of healthy, moderate and severe soil. The study on the utilization of different carbon sources showed that the soil microbes of healthy and mild disease had strong utilization to carbohydrate and amino acid. However, the use of carbohydrates, amino acids and phenolic acid carbon sources in the soil where the disease was more serious was decreasing. The principal component analysis showed that there were certain differences in soil microbial communities under different levels of rot disease. Among the 31 carbon sources, carbohydrates and amino acids determined the differences of the principal components.【Conclusion】The microbial activities in the soils of moderate degree and severe disease were lower than those in the soil of the lower degree disease and the healthy soil. Therefore, according to the different carbon sources used by soil microbes, designing reasonable trace element fertilizer will hopefully reduce the occurrence of walnut rot disease.

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Olfactory Behavioral Response of the Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) to volatiles of cotton and corn such as Dragosantol ZHANG Zhi-hu, CHEN Jing, TANG Si-qiong, ZHANG Jing, LI Lun 2018, 55(6): 1117-1123.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1273KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen plant volatiles with attractive or evasive activity against the adults of Monolepta hieroglyphica. 【Method】Volatile compounds with attractive or evasive effect on the M. hieroglyphica were measured by "Y" olfactory instrument. 【Result】10 μg/mL of Dragosantol and α-pinene had obvious attractive effects on the male and female adults of M. hieroglyphica, and the formula 1, 2 and 6 had obvious attracting effects on the male adults of M. hieroglyphica. The formula 2, 6 had obvious attracting effects on the female adults of M. hieroglyphica.【Conclusion】10 μg/mL of Dragosantol and α-pinene have obvious attracting tactics to the M. hieroglyphica, which can be used as the attractant ingredient of the M. hieroglyphica.

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Screening and Identification of Broomrape Pathogenic Bacteria in Processing Tomato Fields in Xinjiang HE Wei, XU Jian-jun, YANG Hua, SUN Xiao-jun 2018, 55(6): 1124-1132.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1321KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to screen strong virulent strain from tomato broomrape and enrich strain resources for tomato broomrape biological control.【Method】The naturally broomrape disease of processing tomato in Xinjiang was collected and the strain was isolated from the tissue. The inhibition effect of fermentation broth and crude toxin extract on the germination of broomrape seeds was tested by filter paper plate method, and the pathogenicity of the strain was tested by acupuncture, daub and spray inoculation. The inhibition effect of spore suspension on broomrape unearthed was tested in pot experiment. Morphology and molecular biology were used to identify the strain.【Result】Results showed that 14 strains crude toxin extract liquor of 22 strains to broomrape seed germination inhibition effect was over 90%, 7 strains spore suspension of large amount of spore production in PDA medium were pathogenic to broomrape plant, 2016-42, 2016-36 and 2016-6 spore suspension were pathogenic under three kinds of inoculation methods. The broomrape unearthed inhibition effect of 2017-6 strain spore suspension was the highest in the pot experiment, at 94.65%, other two strains were low. The strain 2017-6 was preliminary identificated as Fusarium oxysporum by morphological observation and molecular biology methods.【Conclusion】It was preliminarily proved that the crude toxin extract of strain 2017-6 could inhibit the germination of the seeds from processing tomato field, its spore suspensions had strong pathogenicity to germinating broomrape seed, and it had a better inhibitory effect on the unearthed of broomrape.

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Analysis of Resistance of the Main Cotton Cultivars to Two Seedling Diseases in Xinjiang Sajidamu Aizezi1, Mahemutijian Mijiti1, XU Tai-bai1, LI Jin2, GUO Qing-yuan1 2018, 55(6): 1133-1143.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1090KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to investigate the resistance of the current main cotton cultivars in Xinjiang to fusarium red rot and rhizoctonia damping off, and to provide the basis for the effective control of diseases.【Method】Xinjiang strains of Fusarium verticilliodes and Rhizoctonia solani were selected and the single resistance level and concurrent resistance level of 20 main cotton cultivars to fusarium red rot and rhizoctonia damping off in Xinjiang were analyzed by indoor pot culture and field experiment under artificial inoculation.【Result】The results showed that:Most varieties had significant or very significant resistance differences to 2 diseases. Among the tested cultivars, there was no immune or high-resistance variety, and most of the cultivars showed a sensitivity or high sensitivity to the disease. Only a few of them showed resistance to or middle resistance to fusarium red rot or rhizoctonia damping off. In the present study, Zhongmian 72 and Xinluzao 53 showed resistance to fusarium red rot, and there were 5 varieties such as Zhongmian 50, Xinluzao 57 and Xinluzao 61, etc. that were moderately resistant. Six varieties with moderate resistance to rhizoctonia damping off were Xinluzao 53, Zhongmian72 and Zhongmian 50, etc. and 6 varieties with moderate resistance to two diseases were Xinluzao 53, Zhongmian72 and Zhongmian 50, etc. were found to be moderately resistant.【Conclusion】There are significant differences in resistance to fusarium red rot and rhizoctonia damping off in the main cotton cultivars in Xinjiang at present, but lack of varieties with high resistance to these diseases. There was a certain degree of association between the resistance of the 2 diseases, and the resistance of the damping off showed that most of the varieties were resistant to fusarium red rot.

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Polymorphism of COMT Gene Exon 1 and Its Association with Heart Rate in Yili Horse XIN Ya-li1, WANG Jian-wen1,2, ZENG Ya-qi1,2, YAO Xin-kui1,2, MENG Jun1,2, WANG Ju-hua1 2018, 55(6): 1144-1153.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1151KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the polymorphism of exon 1 of COMT gene and the haplotypes constructed in Yili horse, and analyze the correlation between different genotypes, haplotype combinations and heart rate, which might provide a preliminary foundation for further exploring the effect of COMT gene on horse temperament and production performance. 【Method】35 Yili horses were chosen as the research objects and their polymorphic and genotypes of COMT gene exon 1 was analyzed by using phenol-chloroform method, DNA sequencing and other techniques. And the haploview 4.2 software was used to construct the haplotypes. Then the horse heart rate was collected, and its association with different genotypes and haplotypes was analyzed.【Result】Eight mutations were found in COMT gene exon 1, of which SNP1, SNP2, SNP4, SNP5, SNP7, and SNP8 were missense mutations. SNP1 and SNP4 were completely linked and a total of 9 haplotypes were constructed, of which H1 was dominant haplotype. The correlation analysis of different SNPs loci and haplotype combinations with heart rate showed that different genotypes of SNP3 and SNP5 had significant or extremely significant differences in mildly stimulated heart rate (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Different genotypes of SNP2, SNP5, SNP6, SNP7, and SNP8 had significant or extremely significant differences in intensely stimulated heart rate (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Haplotype combination H1H2 was more significant than H1H3 in strenuous stimulation.【Conclusion】There was a polymorphism in the COMT gene exon 1 in Yili horse and a strong degree of linkage between different mutations and there were differences in heart rate between individuals with different genotypes and haplotypes, suggesting that the COMT gene may be an important functional gene affecting the temperament and production performance of Yili horse.

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Prokaryotic Expression and Identification of Bovine Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein LU Ya-dong, LIU Xian-xia, CHEN Chuang-fu 2018, 55(6): 1154-1165.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1541KB) ( )   【Objective】 To preliminarily diagnose calf diarrhea coronavirus.【Method】141 calf feces samples from 10 dairy cattle farms in Shihezi, Shawan and Kuitun were collected. The coronavirus was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the PCR method was used to test the nucleic acid. At the same time, specific primers were designed to amplify the N gene of the Mebus isolate based on the sequence of the GenBank virus N gene, and the gene fragment was cloned into the PMD 19-T vector. The sequence of the correct gene fragment was connected to the PET-28a and PET-32a carriers after EcoRI and HindIII double enzymes, and the recombinant expression carrier PET-28a-N and PET-32a-N were constructed. After sequencing, subclones were inserted into BL21 (DE3) expression vector, and IPTG was used to induce recombinant bacteria. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used to analyze the expression products. 【Result】In the feces of 141 diarrhoea calves, the positive rate was 70.21 by ELISA and 61.7% by RT-PCR. The bovine coronavirus N gene was cloned successfully, the size of the fragment was 1,400 bp; The target strip was identified correctly by double enzyme cutting, and the sequence results were compared with the standard sequence to reach 98.22% of homology. The relative molecular mass of recombinant protein PET-28a-N-DE3 expressed by SDS-PAGE analysis was 54KD, and the relative molecular mass of recombinant protein BCV-32a-N-DE3 was 70KD, and Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant protein BCV-32a-N-DE3 and BCV-28a-N-DE3 could react specifically to bovine coronavirus positive sera.【Conclusion】Calf coronavirus is the main cause of diarrhea in 10 large-scale dairy cattle farms in Shihezi, Shawan and Kuitun, and the results of the combination of ELISA and RT-PCR methods are of reference significance for the detection of calf coronavirus. The bovine coronavirus N protein has good immunoreactivity, which lays the foundation for the research and development of bovine coronavirus diagnostic reagents.

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Evaluation and Path Selection of Service System Construction of Machine Harvesting Cotton in Xinjiang from the Perspective of Structural Reform on the Supply Side of Agriculture BAO Yan-li1, CHEN Yu-lan2, ZHANG Li-zhao1, WANG Xiao-wei1 2018, 55(6): 1166-1176.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.06.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1287KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to assess the service system for machine harvesting cotton in Xinjiang thus fully understanding the development degree and existing problems in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for putting forward scientific and reasonable countermeasures and suggestions.【Method】The AHP method was used to construct the evaluation system of cotton harvesting service in Xinjiang from the aspects of cotton production, harvesting, processing, economic benefit and socialized service. The data of 2010 and 2016 and the progress index method were used to evaluate the progress of the service system of machine harvesting in Xinjiang.【Result】The results were:(1) The proportion of comparative economic benefit of machine harvesting cotton was the largest in Xinjiang, and the marketization factor was the key to construct the service system. (2) In the past six years, the service level of mechanized cotton harvesting in Xinjiang has accelerated, with advancement degree of 283%. (3) The socialization service of cotton mechanization operation was relatively slow, and the advancement degree was only 9.16%.【Conclusion】The overall service level of mechanized cotton operation in Xinjiang is significantly enhanced, but the development of internal factors has not been balanced, so It is suggested to improve the basic level of cotton production, improve the cotton processing capacity, and improve the social security system and market circulation system.