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Study on Hyperspectral Monitoring of Water Status in Cotton Full-Boll Stage Based on Fluorescence Parameters LIU Xin-yue, WANG Deng-wei, HUANG Chun-yan, HUANG Kai-jie, WANG Yong-sheng, LAI Rui-xin, MA Ru-hai, HAN Yong-chao, WANG Lu-xia 2018, 55(7): 1177-1185.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1436KB) ( )   【Objective】 By setting of a field experiment with two cotton cultivars and four level of irrigating water treatments, the paper aims to study the characteristics of the reflectance and the fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm (PSⅡ maximum photochemical quantum yield) in cotton full-boll stage, and establish the correlation relationship between the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the hyperspectral vegetation index in the hope of providing a theory for monitoring the water stresses status over cotton canopy by using hyperspectral remote sensing.【Method】The reflectance of cotton canopy was measured by Field Spec Analytical Spectral Device in full-boll stage; At the same time, the leaf FV/Fm of cotton was measured by PAM-2100 chlorophyll fluorescence instrument, and the reflection spectrum data and FV/FM of cotton were processed and analyzed by correlation software, and the correlation regression model was established.【Result】The variation trend of cotton canopy reflectance spectra under different water treatment conditions was similar. During the full-boll stage, the Fv/Fm of single leaf of Xinluzao NO. 62 was positively correlated with canopy reflectance with the bands of 350-514 nm, 612-692 nm and 1,945-2,076 nm; but it was negatively correlated with the bands of 708~1,361 nm and 1,621-1,740 nm. The vegetation index NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and RVI (ratio vegetation index), were constructed by using sensitive bands, and there was a higher correlation between RVI and Fv/Fm (rRVI-Fv/Fm=-0.721,5**, n=20, P<0.01). The equation of estimating Fv/FM and RVI was established and the estimated value of FV/FM was positively correlated with the measured value (rrestimated Fv/Fm-measured Fv/Fm=0.723,0**, n=20, RMSE=1.186 × 10-2).【Conclusion】It showed that based on the correlation between the fluorescence parameter FV/FM and the vegetation index (RVI), the water stress status of cotton in boll stage can be monitored.

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Response of Cotton Single Boll Damage to Defoliation and Boll Stage in Northern Xinjiang Cotton Region ZHANG Xu-yi, TIAN Jing-shan, YANG Yan-long, SUI Long-long, ZHANG Peng-peng, ZHANG Wang-feng 2018, 55(7): 1186-1193.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1665KB) ( )   【Objective】 The technology of defoliation and ripening is an important prerequisite to realize cotton harvesting and reasonable application time can achieve good defoliation and ripening effect and reduce the influence on cotton yield and fiber quality.【Method】In this experiment, the effects of defoliation on cotton boll development and damage degree to single boll fiber and cottonseed were analyzed by setting different time of defoliation and ripening agent, and cotton boll stage suitable for defoliation and ripening was discussed.【Result】The boll period of cotton was shortened by applying defoliation and ripening agent. The shorter the boll period was, the more shortened boll period was. The weight of fiber per boll and cotton seed weight per boll was significantly affected by the defoliation agent, and the decrease of boll period was the least when the boll age was 44 days, which was reduced by about 0.15 g.【Conclusion】According to the relationship between boll stage and the damage amount of single boll factor, the application time of defoliation can be determined. If the damage amount of single boll yield was less than 0.1 g, the application time of defoliation agent / boll period should be greater than 0.79, and cotton varieties with 55 days boll stage could apply defoliation agent at 43 days of boll age.

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Effects of Different Sowing Dates on Boll Weight and Fiber Quality of Top Boll of Cotton under Mulched Drip Irrigation SUI Long-long, TIAN Jing-shan, ZHANG Xu-yi, ZHAO Bao-gai, XIANG Dao, ZHANG Wang-feng 2018, 55(7): 1194-1202.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1264KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the development and quality of cotton boll period after sowing in cotton field under drip irrigation based on the different sowing dates and analyze the relationship between cotton boll development and temperature in cotton top after sowing in stages so as to provide theoretical basis for determining the date of sowing and the date of spraying defoliant.【Method】Field experiments were carried out at Wulanwusu agricultural meteorological test station between years 2016 and 2017. With normal temperature sowing time as control and setting up 3-4 sowing dates, the cotton boll weight and cotton fiber quality were measured. The weight and quality of cotton boll and bell during the development of cotton bolls at the top of different sowing dates were studied. The mechanism of quality formation provided theoretical basis for determining sowing and improving fiber quality of cotton under mulch drip irrigation. 【Result】Under the conditions of April 8th (early sowing), the single boll weight of cotton boll was 0.79%-11.02% higher than the those at other sowing dates, the flowering boll stage was 3-10 days earlier, the cotton fiber length was 1.05%-3.86% higher, the strength was 2.00%-9.49% higher, the uniformity was 0.59%-2.03% higher, and the value of the micronaire was 0.41%-13.76% higher.【Conclusion】under the condition of daily temperature of 23.70-23.86 ℃, the cotton boll growth in the top of cotton in April 8th (early sowing) conditions, the period of flower and boll is earlier, the development time of cotton top boll ring is shortened, and the weight of the single bell is larger and the fiber quality of cotton is higher. Among them, daily average temperature has the greatest influence on cotton boll weight and fiber quality, and could be used as an important index to measure cotton boll development at the top of cotton. In April 29 th (late sowing), the cotton boll development is shortened and fiber development is affected by the minimum temperature, which is not conducive to the formation of high strength fiber and high quality cotton boll.

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The construction of VIGS virus vector and its application on identifying disease resistant gene in cotton LI Jian-ping, HAO Xiao-yan, LI Qin, GAO Sheng-qi, CHANG Xiao-chun, CHEN Xun-ji, Zumuremu Tuerxun, CHEN Guo, HUANG Quan-sheng 2018, 55(7): 1203-1208.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1194KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose is to identify genes in response to Verticillium dahlia by the virus induced gene silencing (VIGS).【Method】With the construction of VIGS virus (virus induced gene silencing) vector by molecular way, we established an Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. To study function of GhCPK gene family, a GhCPK gene was silenced in cotton using VIGS assay, then the disease index of the gene-silenced cotton seedlings were investigated when they were challenged with Verticillium dahlia. 【Result】By infecting cotton cytoledons with VIGS virus vector containing GhCPK fragment, the GhCPK fragment is identified and catalyzed into dsRNAs.The combination of dsRNAs with other RNA produce RNA induced silencing comlex (RISC) which can target and degrade endogenous GhCPK mRNA and lead to the GhCPK gene silenced.As the result of silencing GhCPK gene in cotton, the GhCPK silenced cottons showed enhanced sensitivity to Verticillium dahlia, which suggested that GhCPK gene may play a role in regulating disease resitance in cotton.【Conclusion】The virus induced gene silencing technology is an efficient way for identifyingGhCPKs gene in response to disease stress in cotton.

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Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of Salt-Tolerance of a PsaH Gene from Suaeda salsa HAO Xiao-yan, LI Jian-ping, CHANG Xiao-chun, Zumuremu, GAO Sheng-qi, CHEN Guo, HUANG Quan-sheng 2018, 55(7): 1209-1217.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1710KB) ( )   【Objective】 A novel PsaH gene was cloned from suaeda salsa,which was a protein subunit of photosystem I.【Method】This project aimed to study the structure and function of PsaH gene, the full-length cDNA sequence of PsaH gene was obtained from Suaeda salsa salt-stress cDNA library through sequencing, and it was validated by bioinformatics analysis, and named SsPsaH (GeneBank Accession Number:KC4048847).【Result】The full-length of SsPsaH gene was 770 bp, containing 438 bp open reda frame (ORF), and encoding 145 amino acids residues. Based on the predicted analysis of bioinformatics, the SsPsaH was located in chloroplast membrane with transmembrane region, and it was a hydrophilic and unstable protein without signal peptide. Its secondary structure elements were mainly random coil. The SsPsaH gene was highly conservative in different plant species. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the protein was closely related to the PsaH protein of Spinacia oleracea. The results of RT-PCR indicated that SsPsaH gene was expressed in root, stem and leaf, but it was higher in stem and leaf than in root. This study has provided a basis for the further study on the salt-tolerance function of the gene and its role in the mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes, and provided a candidate gene for improving the molecular breeding of salt-tolerance in crops.【Conclusion】SsPsaH gene is a protein subunit H of photosystem I. This study would lay the foundation for future studying on the gene function and the role in salt-tolerance of Suaeda salsa.

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Study on the Relationship between Apple Layered Spindle Canopy Structure and Yield and Quality ZHANG Yun-hui, LI Wen-sheng, ZHOU Wen-jing, HU An-hong 2018, 55(7): 1218-1226.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1363KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the relationship between the canopy structure and yield and quality of the layered spindle of apples by analyzing the suitability of the tree structure in the hope of providing basis for the pruning of the spur-type apple.【Method】The layered spindle apple tree was used as research object to measure the microclimatic factors, branches, canopy structure and yield and quality parameters of the canopy and analyze and contrast the differences in different canopy layers.【Result】The light intensity, temperature, ACF, DIFN and MTA increased with the increase of crown height; humidity, main branch length, main branch thickness, canopy volume, LAI and yield decreased with the increase of crown height; in terms of fruit quality, the differences only existed between the upper, middle and lower layers, however, there was no significant difference in other quality indexes among different layers, where the fruit quality consistency remained quite high. The yield was mainly concentrated in the middle and lower part of the tree canopy, which was convenient for pruning, tree management and picking.【Conclusion】The average yield was 40,392 kg/hm2 in lower part of the canopy, 15,081 kg/hm2 in the middle part and 8,316 kg/hm2 kg/hm2 in the upper part, with the yield concentrating in the middle and lower parts,and convenience to manage and harvest, with good ventilation and light conditions, high yield, high consistency of fruit quality, the apple layered spindle canopy has good application value.

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Effects of Different Amounts of Phosphate and Potassium Fertilizer on Fruit Quality and Yield of Frey Grape under Protected Culture ZHENG Xiao-neng, WANG Sheng-hai, LIU Miao-miao, LIU Huai-feng 2018, 55(7): 1227-1235.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1331KB) ( )   【Objective】 Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are important elements for grape growth and development, which have an important effect on the whole process of grape growth and development as well as the quality and yield of grape fruit.The objective of this study is to increase understanding of the different amounts of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on fruit quality and yield of Frey seedless grape under protected culture during fruit expanding and coloring period. 【Method】Different amounts of phosphorus and potassium were applied under fixed nitrogen fertilizer application.【Result】The results showed that the grape plant panicle weight and yield were highest when the P2O5 content was 14.6 kg/667 m2 and the potassium application amount was 15.08 kg/667 m2 in the local Frey seedless grape under protected culture during the fruit expanding and coloring period. And sugar and acid ratio, hardness and fruit coloring coefficient were better than those of the control and other treatments. The root system of grape was mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20-40 cm.【Conclusion】It is suggested that the amount of P2O5 content should be 14.6 kg/667 m2 and the potassium application amount was 15.08 kg/667 m2 in the local Flame seedless grape under protected culture during the fruit expanding and coloring period and the fertilization depth should be at the 20-40 cm soil layer.

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Preliminary Study on Correlation between Leaf Nutrition and Fruit Nutrition Quality of Huizao Jujube under Different Soil Conditions Kadir Esah, Muhtar Zari, Mahmut Ablat, WU Zheng-bao, SHI Yan-jiang 2018, 55(7): 1236-1244.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1345KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the correlation between leaf nutrition (at fruit swelling period) with fruit nutrition (at fruit maturation period) and fruit quality of Huizao jujube in full fruit period under different soil type conditions (sand, sandy loam and clay), in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for effectively enhancing jujube fruit quality in different soil types.【Method】The Huizao jujube in full fruit period was taken as test material, the leaf nutrition contents (P, K, Ca and Mg), fruit nutrition content (P, K, Ca and Mg) and fruit quality index (Vc, titratable acid, soluble sugar, sugar-acid ratio and soluble solid content) were measured.【Result】Compared to the three soils, the leaf Ca content and fruit sugar-acid ratio of Huizao tree growth in sandy soil expressed the highest level which were (24.381±1.830) g/kg, (725.167±95.195), respectively, it's leaf P and Mg content, fruit P and K content, fruit soluble sugar and soluble solids content were at middle level, and the other measuring indicators were lower; the leaf K content, fruit Ca and titratable acid of Huizao tree growth in sandy loam soil were at the highest level, values were (37.385±2.478) g/kg, (0.654±0.043) g/kg, (0.107±0.006)%, respectively, it's leaf P and Ca content, fruit Mg content, fruit Vc content expressed at middle level, and its other measuring indicators were the lower; the leaf P and Mg content, fruit P, K and Mg content, fruit Vc, soluble sugar and soluble solid content of Huizao tree growth in clay soil were the highest with the value of (2.622±0.134) g/kg, (7.125±0.484) g/kg, (1.168±0.061) g/kg, (11.327±0.528) g/kg, (0.422±0.015) g/kg, (15.182±2.763) g/100 g, (70.875±3.230)% and (71.179±3.233)%, respectively, its fruit Ca content, titratable acid and sugar-acid ratio were at middle level, and its other measuring indicators were the lower. Although there were some significant difference in P, K, Ca, Mg, vitamin C, titratable acid, soluble sugar, soluble solid content of Jujube between the three soil types, the correlation between leaf mineral nutrition content and fruit mineral nutrition content, fruit quality index were basically similar, among them the correlation between fruit VC content and leaf P content was significantly positive correlated, the correlation coefficient was 0.798, 0.928 and 0.869, respectively.【Conclusion】There is a certain correlation between the nutrient element content in the leaves and the fruit nutritional quality index. Therefore, in the fertilization management of different types of soil, a scientific and reasonable fertilization scheme should be made according to the soil fertility, so that the goal of increasing production and high quality can be achieved.

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Study on the Development Characteristics and Agronomic Regulation of Lignified Bearing Branch on Junzao FAN Ding-yu, YANG Lei, ZHOU Xiao-ming, GUO Chun-miao, JIN Juan, FENG Bei-bei, HAO Qing 2018, 55(7): 1245-1251.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1160KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the development characteristics and the effect of different agronomical measures for the lignified bearing branch on Junzao in the Kashgar region of Xinjiang in the hope providing reference for the production of high quality cultivars using lignified bearing branches.【Method】This paper observed phenological period, growth, bear fruit condition and fruit quality to confirm the development characteristics of different type jujube bearing branches and analyzed the influence of different agronomic measures on the development characteristics of the lignified bearing branches, thus putting forward the best control measures to promote the growth and development.【Result】The lignified bearing branches were compared with the deciduous bearing branches on Junzao: the duration of flowering and the growth period were about twelve and twenty days longer respectively, but fruit ripening period was around fifteen days later. The growth, fruit hanging ratio of lignified bearing branch were significantly higher. The effects of different agronomic measures on the quality of jujube hanging, leaf and fruit were different. The weight-pinching of jujube head and foliar spraying by Urea, KH2PO4 could remarkably promote the growth of lignified bearing branch and increase the weight of single fruit, in which the foliar spraying KH2PO4 could obviously improve the quality. In the concentration range of the test, the foliar spraying CCC could significantly increase the width of the leaf and the diameter of bearing branch. Foliar spraying of abscisic acid inhibited the normal development of bearing branch and reduced the fruit quality, and foliar spraying GA3 could promote the development of bearing branch, increase the weight of single fruit, but reduce the soluble sugar content.【Conclusion】Compared with the deciduous bearing branch, lignified bearing branch had the advantages of long development time, large growth rate and stronger fruit-setting ability. It can increase the fruit weight and remain at a higher level of fruit quality by using lignified bearing branch. The heavy pinching and spraying KH2PO4 can promote the development of bearing branch and improve the fruit quality.

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Effects of the Suitable Harvest Time for Main Wine Grapes and Wine Quality in Xinjiang Yanqi Basin PENG Yuan-yuan, GAO Zhan, DONG Kai-xiang, ZHOU Long, DU Zhan-cheng 2018, 55(7): 1252-1263.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1587KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the effects of different harvest time on wine grapes and wine in Yanqi Basin of Xinjiang in the hope of providing the basis for determining the best harvest period for local wine grapes.【Method】Five kinds of red wine grape fruits in different harvest periods after the period of grape color conversion and small samples in the brewing grapes were taken as the research objects. The relationship between the different indexes and the optimum harvest period of grape was analyzed by measuring the fruit quality and the physicochemical indexes of wine.【Result】(1) The fruit appearance quality: The vertical diameter, transverse diameter and fruit weight of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon fruit increased at first and then decreased with the passage of harvesting date, while the vertical diameter, transverse diameter and single fruit weight of Pinot Noir, North Rose and North Red fruit increased gradually with the passage of harvest date. (2) Internal quality of the fruit: with the date of collection, the pH, soluble solid content, solid acid ratio and glycolic acid ratio of grape fruit gradually increased. Soluble solids from high to low was Merlot > North Red > North Rose > Cabernet Sauvignon > Pinot Noir. (3) Brewing quality: the pH and alcoholic strength of each variety showed a trend of slow rise with the date of harvest; The total sugar content of Pinot Noir was 5.48 g/L, and the total sugar content of Cabernet Sauvignon was 3.71 g/L, which were both consistent with GB/T15037-2006 wine classification standard.【Conclusion】The principal component analysis indicated that the best harvest time for Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in Yanqi basin in Xinjiang is on August 25 th, and the best harvest time for Pinot Noir, North Rose and North Red is on August 28 th.

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Research on the Inversion Model for Predicting Fe Content in Juglans regia L. Leaves Based on Hyperspectral Method QU Yu-hong, WANG Zhen-xi, DING Ya, LIU Yu-xia, DONG Miao, LI Yuan 2018, 55(7): 1264-1273.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1333KB) ( )   【Objective】 Fe element is an important index to evaluate plant growth, and monitoring nutritional status is one of the main contents in the process of fruit tree cultivation and management. This project aims to realize monitoring of foliar Fe content in Juglans regia L.in vivo by analyzing the relationship between foliar Fe content in Juglans regia L. and foliar spectra in the hope of providing theoretical basis and technical support for rapid diagnosis of Fe content.【Method】Eight Juglans regia L. production garden were selected in Aksu Hongqipo area for random sampling, the spectral reflectance and Fe content of the foliar were measured. The method of stepwise linear regression and principal component regression was used to construct the estimation model of Fe content. Random grouping method was used to select test samples and evaluate the accuracy.【Result】The correlation between the content of Fe in Juglans regia L. foliar and spectra transformed by differential, logarithm and so on was significantly higher than that of the original spectrum. In these data conversions, the highest accuracy of the model was principal component regression model, which was based on the logarithmic second-order spectra of 725-730 nm, 1,140 nm, 1,141 nm, 1,443 nm, 1,444 nm and 1,445 nm. So the optimal model for monitoring foliar Fe element of Juglans regia L. was y=558.648+113.024 PC13-31.514 PC12 +71.519 PC1, R2 was 0.870, RMSE was 0.304, RPO was 2.39.【Conclusion】Spectral technique has a certain application potential in estimating the Fe content of Juglans regia L. in Hongqipo area of Aksu.

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Effects of High Intensity Cutting on Species Composition of Picea Schrenkiana.var tianshanica Regeneration Community YU Si-hui, WANG Zhen-xi, WANG Ya-pei, LIU Meng-tin, LI Qing 2018, 55(7): 1274-1285.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1340KB) ( )   【Objective】 By analyzing the species composition of the community after high-intensity cutting and the variation characteristics of the important values of the main plant species in the regeneration community of Picea Schrenkiana under different cutting grades and cutting periods, the variation law of the regeneration community was explained from the point of view of the species composition. The aim of this paper is to provide scientific basis for species composition of regeneration community, implementation of natural conservation project and forest restoration evaluation after cutting in Picea Schrenkiana.【Method】The dynamic changes of the main plant species in arbor layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer of Picea Schrenkiana regeneration community were studied by quantitative analysis of important values under different intensity cutting grades and cutting periods.【Result】There were 67 species of plants belonging to 61 genera and 33 families in the regeneration community after high-intensity cutting. Dicotyledonous plants played a decisive role. Arbor layer was well developed, shrub plant was not well developed, herbaceous species were numerous and large, among them, Asteraceae species were the most, accompanied by a certain number of distinct characteristics of single family, single genus, single plant species. The relative dominance and important value of Betula tianschanica increased firstly and then decreased slightly when the interference intensity increased. The longer the cutting time was, the less important value and relative dominance of regeneration Picea Schrenkiana would be. Betula tianschanica was the opposite. Species richness did not change significantly with cutting intensity in subshrubs and herbaceous layers, and the dominant species was Aegopodium alpestre. The species richness was the smallest after cutting > 40 years, and the species richness increased after forest regeneration and restoration. In the last 20 years, the forest community competition was intensified, the weak species decreased, and the undergrowth species richness decreased.【Conclusion】The longer the intensity of active jamming and the time of cutting from now, the smaller the important value of Picea Schrenkiana in arbor layer is reduced, the more important value and relative dominance of Betula tianschanica are increased; there is no significant difference between species richness and cutting intensity in subshrubs and herbaceous layer.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Nutrients in Yecheng County Orchard Based on Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis WU Xiang-lin, CHENG Shu-huang, LAI Ning, FU Yan-bo, DOU Xiao-jing, DUAN Jing-jing, WANG Zhi-guo 2018, 55(7): 1286-1292.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1065KB) ( )   【Objective】 To carry out omprehensive evaluation of soil nutrients in orchard of Yecheng County, Xinjiang and provide reference for regional soil nutrient management and fertilization decision. 【Method】Based on the data of 782 soil samples in Yecheng County, Xinjiang, five nutrient indexes were obtained: organic matter, total nitrogen, hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, three principal components were obtained by SPSS running principal component analysis. Scores of main components and comprehensive scores of soil nutrients were calculated respectively. SPSS average clustering process was used to classify soil nutrient scores. According to the classification results of soil nutrient comprehensive evaluation score, the township level corresponding to the sample points was located. 【Result】The comprehensive scores of soil nutrients were divided into four categories: very high, high, middle and low, respectively. The ratio of sample number was 2.69%, 20.46%, 41.94% and 34.91%, respectively; Ratio of sample number to middle and low class partition reached 76.85%. Significantly higher nutrients are mainly distributed in the township of Sayibago. The high nutrients were mainly distributed in the townships of Sayibago, Tuguqi, Yitikong, and Usakkashi. The middle nutrient contents were mainly distributed in the townships of Sayibague, Gaytimuk, Yitimu, Jiangles Grain Farm and Chaerbagg. Lower nutrients were mainly distributed in Xiahe Township, Yitimukong Township.【Conclusion】The distribution of soil nutrients in Yecheng County was uneven, and the soil nutrient synthesis was of middle and low level. The first principal component was comprehensive reflection of organic matter and total nitrogen; The second principal component reflects soil nutrient supply status of available potassium content; Third principal component is describing effective phosphorus content.

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Effects of Thickness and Moisture Content on Mechanical Properties of Almond Shell Breaking LIU Yan-bin, Tuluhong Tuerdi, YANG Hui-min, SAN Yun-long, WANG Xue-nong 2018, 55(7): 1293-1304.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1555KB) ( )   【Objective】 he physical characteristics of three varieties of almonds: Misang, Shuangguo and Wanfeng, were studied, and the mechanical properties of different thickness and moisture content were tested to provide a theoretical basis for designing the almonds cracker.【Method】Physical properties of varieties such as length, width, thickness, geometric average, sphericity, moisture content, shell structure, shell and kernel space were obtained.【Result】The moisture content had significant effect on the nut size, shell and kernel space and shell breaking performance of the Misang and Wanfeng varieties, and there is a there is a second order nonlinear function relationship. When the moisture contents of Misang, Shuangguo and Wanfeng were 2.29%, 8.26% and 1.96%, the shell breaking force and energy consumption were the largest, and when the moisture contents were 16.58%, 27.51% and 17%, the energy consumption is the smallest. 【Conclusion】The results showed that the physical characteristics of the same species differ greatly, and the differences among different varieties were greater. When the roller type cracker was designed, the roller clearance should be controlled by the thickness of the different grades - (0.98-1.89) mm, which could guarantee the higher shell breaking rate and the kernel integrity rate. Classification should be carried out according to the thickness of almonds before breaking its shell and the appropriate difference of thickness and size is 1 mm. Misang should be classified into 5 grades, while the other two varieties classified into 3 grades.

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The Curing Performance Test of HEC Curing Agent on the Solar Greenhouse Gobi Soil Wall WU Le-tian, SONG Bing-wei, MA Hao-cheng, SUN Xiao-li, SHI Hui-feng 2018, 55(7): 1305-1313.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1554KB) ( )   【Objective】 The project aims to test the solidification properties of Gobi soil wall in three typical solar greenhouses in Xinjiang and analyze the mechanical properties of Gobi soil before and after solidification and the change rule of strength after sulfate erosion in the hope of providing a reliable theoretical basis for the wall solidification scheme of non-cultivated land in Xinjiang.【Method】According to the test requirements of "Standard of Geotechnical Test method" GB 50123-1999, "soil Mechanics experiment" and "soil Test procedure" SL 237-1999, particle analysis test and compaction test were used to determine particle gradation, classification and compaction performance of soil. The physical properties of Gobi soil before solidification were studied. The compressive strength of the cured soil and the strength after sulfate erosion were further measured.【Result】(1) The soil samples of three kinds of non-cultivated Gobi soil were all round boulders. According to the characteristic grain diameter, the non-uniform coefficient Cu and the curvature coefficient Cc of soil sample showed that the grain composition of No.2 soil sample was the best, followed by No.3 soil sample, the worst was No.1 soil sample. (2) Compared with undisturbed soil, the maximum dry density ρd and the optimal moisture content wop of soil No.1 increased significantly with the addition of 15% curing master batch, which were 0.046% and 0.017% respectively. (3) With the curing agent content increased and the more cementing material, the denser of curing soil, the greater the compressive strength of Gobi soil. (4) During a 90-day erosion test, with the increasing erosion period the compressive strength of curing soil was greater.【Conclusion】HEC curing agent commonly have a significant curing effect on Xinjiang commonly used solar greenhouse wall materials. Its compressive strength and sulfate resistance meet the requirements of the construction of soil greenhouses walls. The cured wall is strong and corrosion-resistant, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cost of the greenhouse and effectively prolong the service life of the greenhouse.

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Predation Functional Response of Adult of Adonia variegata (Goeze) to Aphis gossypii Glover at Different Temperatures KONG Xiao-xia, MENG Bin-bin, GUO Peng-fei, WANG Pei-lin 2018, 55(7): 1314-1318.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1128KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of temperature change on the predation functional responses of adult of Adonis variegata (Goeze).【Method】At four processing temperatures:17℃,23℃,29℃ and 35℃, the predation ability of adult of Adonia variegata (Goeze) to Aphis gossypii Glover at different density conditions was determined in doors.【Result】The results showed that predation responses of adult of Aphis gossypii (Goeze) to Aphis gossypii Glover belonged to Holling-II at different temperatures. With the increase of temperature, the predatory ability of Adonia variegata (Goeze) to Aphis gossypii Glover gradually increased. Under the same temperature conditions, the searching effect of adult of Adonis variegata (Goeze) to the Aphis gossypii Glover decreased with the increase of density. At 35℃, the ratio of a/Th of the Adonia variegata (Goeze) was the largest and the predation ability was twice as high as that at 17℃. 【Conclusion】The temperature has a significant effect on the predation. Within a certain temperature range, the increase of temperature is favorable to the predation of Aphis gossypii Glover on the Adonis variegata (Goeze).

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Response of Community Characteristics and Plant Diversity of Seriphidium transillense Desertsto Short-term Fencing LIU Hui-min, DONG Yi-qiang, AN Sha-zhou, YANG Jiao, Ayimin Bolati, GUAN Xin 2018, 55(7): 1319-1325.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1219KB) ( )   【Objective】 This research aims to clarify the effect of short-term fencing on the community characteristics and the plant diversity, which might provide a theoretical basis for the scientific management and recovering of the degraded grassland.【Method】The Seriphidium transilliense deserts of fencing 3 years in Manas County were as research object, and the community characteristics, plant diversity indexes of the fencing plot and the grazing plot indifferent growing season (May, July and September) were measured and analyzed by using the method of sampling field survey.【Result】(1) Compared with grazing plot, the community height, coverage and biomass of S. transilliense deserts in fencing plot were significantly increased (P<0.05) by 52.55%-91.80%, 40.28%~-108.75% and 44.36%-75.32%, respectively, while the responses of plant diversity indexes to fencing were relative low as a whole; (2) The community coverage, density, Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index inside and outside the fence in May were significantly higher than in July and September (P<0.05), and the community height were significantly lower than in July and September (P<0.05), whereas the community biomass were not significantly different between the months (P>0.05).【Conclusion】Short-term fencing (3a) is beneficial to the restoration of vegetation in degradedS. transiliense deserts, but it has relative low effect on plant diversity.

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Analysis of DNA Methylation of MSTN Gene in Kazak Sheep Manzira Zhurdin, YAO Li-dan, Baodungerile, HUANG Li-yong, Yiming Sulaiman, Jueken Aniwashen 2018, 55(7): 1326-1332.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1540KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the DNA methylation level of MSTN (spermatostatin) gene in muscle and adipose tissue, and to provide genetic data for improving the breeding of Kazakh sheep.【Method】The bisulfite treatment sequencing method using whole genome methylation analysis was used to determine the DNA methylation level of MSTN gene of Kazak sheep in CpG dinucleotide acid.【Result】The MSTN gene DNA methylation was low in 6-month-old Kazak sheep muscle, and the highest DNA methylation degree in adipose tissue. The DNA methylation probability of MSTN gene in biceps femoris muscle, triceps femoris muscle, semimembranous muscle, semitendinosus muscle, longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue were as follows: 34.7%, 22.6%, 23.3%, 28%, 42.6%, and 76.7%, respectively.【Conclusion】There is no significant difference in methylation probability of MSTN gene DNA between Kazakh sheep tissues. The methylation probability of fat is the highest, and the methylation probability of muscle tissue is low. The methylation probability of fat is the longest in the back, the methylation probabilities of the femoral second muscle, the trigeminal muscle, the semitendinosus, and the semimembrane muscle are 1.8, 2.2, 3.38, 2.72, and 3.27 times, respectively, followed by adipose tissue ≥ longissimusdorsi muscle ≥ femoral muscle ≥ semitendinosus ≥ semimembranous muscle ≥ trigeminal muscle.

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Isolation and Identification of Pasteurella multocida Rabbits HAN Meng-li, ZHANG Xing-xing, WU Tong-zhong, GUO Qiang-qiang, HUANG Xin, ZHONG Fa-gang 2018, 55(7): 1333-1342.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1231KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to elucidate the major pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance that caused a large number of deaths for explained reasons in a rabbit cooperative in the Shihezi region.【Method】In this study, routine bacterial isolation and culture, morphological observation, biochemical tests, PCR identification and capsular serotyping, pathogenicity test, drug susceptibility test were used to identify the main pathogens and their biological characteristics.【Result】The results showed that the main cause of the disease was capsular serum type A Pasteurella multocida, which had strong pathogenicity with mixed infection of Escherichia coli. Of the 30 commonly used clinical antibacterials, the disease was sensitive to the third generation cephalosporins such as cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, some quinolone antibiotics such as ofloxacin, levofloxacin and florfenicol, and was moderately sensitive or resistant to more than 20 other drugs and the isolated strains showed different degrees of multidrug resistance.【Conclusion】The capsular serum type A Pasteurella is the main pathogen causing large-scale death of rabbits in Shihezi area, and it is highly resistant to common antibiotics in clinical practice. It enriches the research foundation of Pasteurella in causing various animal diseases in this area. Provide clinical evidence for drug use and prevention and control.

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Effects of Different Straw Sources NDF on the Production Performance, Organ Development and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Bashibai Sheep SHI Zhang-jing, LI Ying-xue, LIU Yan-feng, LIU Wu-jun, YANG Hui-guo, PAN Yi-qi 2018, 55(7): 1343-1349.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1077KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of feed intake, daily gain, slaughter rate, organ development and blood biochemical indexes of Bashibai sheep with corn straw and wheat straw as neutral detergent fibers in diet to explore the effects of NDF from different straw sources on performance and blood biochemical parameters of Bashibai sheep.【Method】Twenty sheep with the body weight at (21.76±4.86) kg were selected and divided into two groups randomly, which were sorted into groupⅠ (diet with corn stalk as fiber source) and group Ⅱ ( Feeding wheat straw as a fiber source diet) respectively, pre-test period was 10 days, test period was 60 days.【Result】The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average daily gain, dry matter intake, ratio from feed VS weight, slaughter rate and stomach weight between the two groups (P>0.05). The liver and lung weights of groupⅠ were significantly higher than those of group Ⅱ (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the contents of serum globulin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and calcium and phosphorus between group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P>0.05).The content of serum albumin, white ball ratio and triglyceride in groupⅠ were significantly higher than those in Group Ⅱ (P<0.05).【Conclusion】There is no significant effect on the growth performance and slaughtering performance of Bashibai sheep fed with the two kinds of straw derived NDF diets, but the diets derived from corn stalks has a great effect on the immunity of liver and lung organs. The diet with wheat straw as the source of NDF may be more conducive to the digestion and absorption of fat.

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Effects of Allicin on Anti-Fatigue and Immunity of Yili Horses MO Xu-cheng, ZENG Ya-qi, WANG Jian-wen, MENG Jun, YAO Xin-kui, Saiyare Aniwaner, MEI Xiang 2018, 55(7): 1350-1356.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1075KB) ( )   【Objective】 The projiect aims to investigate the effects of different doses of allicin supplementation on physiological, biochemical and immune indexes of Yili horse after exercise, which might provide theoretical guidance for healthy breeding of sports Yili horse.【Method】After the test, 16 Yili horses were fed with allicin in four groups for 30 days, on the basis of supplemental feeding for 0 days, and then sampled once every 10 days, four times before and after the race. The period of each sampling was immediately after the race. The venous blood samples were collected to measure the related indexes, and the results were analyzed by double factor variance analysis.【Result】After 10 days of feeding, the lactate value was significantly lower than that of the basic value (P<0.05). After 20 days of supplementary feeding, the potassium ion was significantly lower than that of the basic value (P<0.05). After 30 days of supplementary feeding, the calcium ion was significantly lower than that of the base value (P<0.05). About the CK, the horses with daily supplement of 100 mg/kg allicin was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05).The C4 of horses with 300 mg/kg was extremely significantly higher than that with 100 mg/kg (P<0.01). About the IgM, the horses with 500 mg/kg was extremely significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】The effect of controlling the amount of allicin between 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg on the exercise horse Is obvious, and it can effectively improve the immunity of the body, and in terms of enhancing the body's immunity, the amount of allicin supplemented is more effective than the Feeding time.

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The Effect of Swimming Training on the Blood Indexes of Yili Horses YANG Sheng, ZENG Ya-qi, WANG Jian-wen, MENG Jun, YAO Xin-kui, KONG Qi-sen, Kadehe Shawulingbieke, ZHANG Heng 2018, 55(7): 1357-1364.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1074KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to investigate the influence of swimming training on blood parameters of horses and analyze the changing rules of blood parameters of horses in different training phases in the hope of providing theoretical support for Yili horse swimming training.【Method】12 Yili horses were trained for 42 days in different lengths, blood samples were taken immediately after training every 14 days, and blood samples were measured.【Result】With the increase of swimming training days, the AST of horses at 14 d and 28 d was significantly lower than that at 0 d (P<0.05), CK activity was significantly lower on the 0th and 28 th day than that on the 42 nd day (P<0.05) and it was extremely significantly lower on the 14 th day than that on the 42 nd day (P<0.01). The 0th of PvO2 was significantly lower than that of the 28 th day (P<0.05), Hct and Hb were significantly lower on the 0 th than those on the 42 nd day (P<0.05); In different durations of swimming training, the CREA and TG in the test group 1 were extremely significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), and were significantly higher than those in the test group 2 (P<0.05); The UA in the test group 1 was extremely significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.01), and was significantly lower than that in the test group 2 (P<0.05); The CK in the test group 2 was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); The Hct and Hb in the control group were extremely significantly lower than those in the test group 2 (P<0.01), and in the test group 1 (P<0.05).【Conclusion】In the case of consistent land training intensity, swimming training for horses can effectively increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells and lung capacity, and it also can reduce the damage of horses' limbs and hoof caused by terrestrial training, so it can be one of the subjects of daily training for Yili horses.

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Exploration of Massage and Hot Compress In the Training and Nursing of Yili horse KONG Qi-sen, YAO Zi-wen, SHI Xiang-yun, LI Lin-ling, MENG Jun, YAO Xin-kui, WANG Jian-wen, ZENG Ya-qi, YANG Sheng, GE Shi-meng, WANG Chuan-Kun 2018, 55(7): 1365-1372.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.07.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (1088KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of massage and hot compress in Yili horse training and fatigue recovery and analyze its application value so as to provide theoretical support for training and nursing of horses.【Method】12 Yili horses were chosen and divided into three groups and the treatment of massage recovery, hot compress recovery and self recovery were carried out respectively. Blood samples were collected on the 0 day, the 15th day, the 30th day and the 45th day after grouping treatment. The effect of different recovery methods and the characteristics of each recovery method were analyzed by statistical analysis of blood biochemical data.【Result】There were significant differences in CREA, UA, ALT, AST, CK and LDH between the three groups of horses (P<0.01) after 45 days grouping. There were significant differences in CREA, UA and CK (P < 0.01) in massage group in different periods of training. And there were significant differences in CREA, UA, ALT, AST, CK and LDH in different days of the massage group. There was significant difference in CREA and LDH (P<0.01) and the difference in the concentration of UA (P<0.05) in hot compress group in different periods of training. As the days went on, the differences of CREA and CK were very significant (P<0.01),and there were significant differences in LDH (P<0.05).【Conclusion】Massage and hot compress methods can effectively help muscle relaxing and reduce fatigue damage, which can be widely applied to routine training of horse racing.