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Responses of Root Morphological Parameters to Complex Saline-alkali Stress among Island Cotton Varieties with Different Genotypes CHEN Zhen, ZHANG Ju-song, YAN Qing-qing, YANG Pei, ZHANG Wei-tao 2019, 56(11): 1961-1970.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1590KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this paper is to reveal the response mechanism of root indexes of different salt-tolerant island cotton seedlings to saline-alkali stress in the hope of providing scientific theoretical basis for breeding and saline-alkali tolerant planting of island cotton in Xinjiang, China. 【Method】 The salt mixture of neutral salt mixed salt (neutral salt) and basic salt mixed salt (alkaline salt) was simulated by mixing 1∶1 with a mixture of NaCl, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaHCO3. When the total salt concentration (Na+) was 0, 120, 180, 240 mmol/L., the neutral and alkaline salt stresses on root morphology as well as the relationship between root morphology were analyzed using four island cotton cultivars (salt-sensitive cultivar Xinhai 48,weak salt-resistance cultivar xinhai31, maderate salt-resistance cultivar Xinhai 43 and salt-resistance cultivar Xinhai 35) as materials.【Result】 The results showed that differences existed in the response of root morphology of island cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to neutral and alkaline salts. When the neutral salt concentration was 180 mmol/L, the total length of the roots of different salt-tolerant species of sea-island cotton was not significantly different from that of the control, and Xinhai 31 and Xinhai 35 were 18% and 5.97% higher than those of the control, respectively. Under the treatment of alkaline salt 120 mmol/L and 180 mmol/L, the total root length of Xinhai 35, Xinhai 43 and Xinhai 48 was significantly reduced by 38.24%-46.32%, 64.25%-75.58% and 39.91%-71.47%, respectively. When the neutral salt concentration was between 180 and 240 mmol/L, the root length, root surface area and root volume of different salt-tolerant species of island cotton increased to different extents. When the alkaline salt concentration was between 120 and 180 mmol/L, the root length, root surface area and root volume of different salt-tolerant species of island cotton were reduced to different extents. 【Conclusions 】 Low concentration of neutral and alkaline salt increased fine root length, fine root area and fine root volume of different salt-tolerant varieties of island cotton to varying degrees, but had no significant inhibitory effect on medium and coarse root. The total root length, total surface area and total volume of island cotton were significantly reduced under neutral and alkaline salt stresses, alkaline salt had a greater effect on the total root length. Alkaline salt mainly reduced the total root length by inhibiting the elongation of fine root.

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertigation Frequency and Proportion on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine-picked Cotton YIN Xing1, LU Tao2, ZENG Qing-tao2, ZHANG Wen2, GENG Ya-hong2, YANG Zhen-hua 2019, 56(11): 1971-1978.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1154KB) ( )   【Objective】 A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertigation frequency and proportion on yield and N use efficiency of machine-picked cotton under drip irrigation conditions from 2017 to 2018. 【Methods】 The experiment consisted of 5 treatments: (1) control (no N fertilization (CK); (2) N fertigation 8 times plus former-lower-latter-higher (farmers conventional fertigation, N8-B), (3) N fertigation 8 times plus former-higher-latter-lower (N8-F), (4) N fertigation 10 times plus former-lower-latter-higher (N10-B), (5) N fertigation 10 times plus former-higher-latter-lower (N10-F).【Results】 Increasing the frequency of N fertigation significantly increased the dry matter weight and N uptake of cotton in both 2017 and 2018. Under the same N fertigation frequency, the dry matter weight and N uptake of cotton were significantly higher in the former-higher-latter-lower treatments (F) than those in the former-lower-latter-higher treatments (B). Compared with N8 treatments, the yield of cotton in N10 treatments increased by 17.9% and 34.7% respectively, in 2017 and 2018; and NUE of cotton increased 17.9 and 34.7 percentage point, respectively. The yield of cotton in N8-F and N10-F treatments were 7.0% - 11.1% and 12.1% - 21.5% higher than those under N8-B and N10-B treatments. NUE of N8-F and N10-F treatments were 12.0-26.5 and 11.2-24.9 percentage points higher than those of N8-B and N10-B treatments, respectively. 【Conclusion 】 Increasing N fertigation frequency and the proportions at the early stage can promote the growth and N uptake, and increase the yield and NUE of machine-picked cotton.

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Preliminary Study on the Causes of Drop Flocculation in Xinjiang Zero-Fruit Island Cotton(G.barbadense L.) WANG Wei-ran1, YANG Jing1, ZHU Jia-hui1, ZHANG Yan-hui2, NING Xin-min1, LIU Zhi-qing1, KONG Jie1, Alifu Aierxi1 2019, 56(11): 1979-1987.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1650KB) ( )   【Objective】 The cotton bolls of Xinjiang zero-fruit island cotton are mainly composed of three compartments, and the plant type is compact. The flocculation phenomenon after the bolls of the varieties with poor flocculation is widespread, which makes the cotton harvesting difficult. It is of great significance for the breeding and production of island cotton to explore the cause of the phenomenon of flocculation after bolling. 【Methods】 In this study, the Xin 335 and the cultivar Xinhai 35 (CK) were used as research materials. Starting from the main related factors-the bell shell and cotton morphological changes in the dehydration period, using field fixed point, indoor traits and scanning electron microscopy to study the relationship between bell shell curl and cotton flap shedding.【Results】 The island cotton boll was divided into seven stages from cracking to dropping. The 5 d after bolling was the high-risk period of flocculation, when the bubbling was 10 d, the flocculation force of the Xin 335 (0.2 N) was lower than that of Xinhai 35 (0.6 N). In terms of bell shell structure, in the 3 d and 5 d, the shell curling rate of the Xin 335 was higher than that of Xinhai 35, 29.6% and 29.3%, and the former ≥160° bell shell accounted for 14.4%, while the latter only 1.1%, the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01). In terms of single-petal seed cotton, the length, width and thickness of the Xin 335 were lower than those of Xinhai 35; on the fiber structure, spit flocculation in 10 d, the Xin 335 fiber knot, the single fiber was less than that of Xinhai 35. In terms of dehydration rate, the dehydration rate of the 3 d bell shell of Xin 335 was 3.0, 5.0, and 8.0 percentage points higher than that of Xinhai 35. The difference was extremely significant, and the latter was 2.8 percentage points higher after 7 d. The rate of fiber dehydration also showed a similar trend. 【Conclusion 】 There are important links between the fluttering structure and the bell shell structure, cotton flap size and fiber stacking. The rapid dehydration of the bolls during the boll opening period causes the bell shell to curl and the angle is too large, which aggravates the shortage of the cotton flap support. As well as factors such as small cotton petals and poor cohesion between fibers, it is the main reason for the loss of cotton in the zero-fruit island cotton in Xinjiang. Therefore, it is a feasible way to solve the boll opening period by starting from the moderate loose fruit type, increasing the boll weight and the clothing score.

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Effects of Cotton Aphid on Cotton Growth and Physiological Characteristics under Saline-alkali Stress Characteristics under Saline-alkali StressCHEN Kuan, MENG Chun-mei, SHI Jiao-hua, AN Meng-jie, MA Hong-xiu, WANG Kai-yong 2019, 56(11): 1988-1996.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1403KB) ( )   【Objective】 In view of the influence of salinization on cotton growth and development in oasis soil area, the difference of cotton growth and physiological characteristics between cotton meal and saline-alkali stress was studied based on the effect of cotton meal input on cotton growth and physiological characteristics. 【Methods】 The field experiment was conducted with cotton(Xinluzao 60)as the material. The effects of different content of cotton aphid on cotton growth index and physiological characteristics were determined by two-factor randomized block design under different saline-alkali content conditions.【Result】 With the increase of cotton aphid application, the plant height, dry matter and chlorophyll content of cotton increased to different degrees, while the content of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, and soluble sugar increased first and then decreased with the increase of salt concentration.【Conclusion 】 Aphis gossypii had different effects on the physiological traits of cotton under salt-alkali stress, and it had obvious enhancement effect on the physiological salt-tolerance of cotton under salt-alkali stress.

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Study on the Regulation of Cotton Plant Shape by Mixing Flumetralin and Mepiquat CAI Xiao-hu, SHI Ya-hui, LIN Ping, ZHANG Yu-dong, YAN Wen-jing, WANG Jun-gang 2019, 56(11): 1997-2005.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1483KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of flumetralin and mepiquat chloride on the growth and development of cotton lateral branches. 【Method】 In this experiment, the effects of spraying different concentrations of the flumetralin combined with mepiquat chloride or single mepiquat chloride on the growth and development of cotton collaterals at full bud stage, early flowering stage and topping stage were studied. 【Result】 Fumetralin combined with mepiquat could inhibit the growth of cotton plant height, fritters, upper, middle and lower fruit branches and internodes, and increase the total number of fruit branches, the number of effective branches and the number of cotton bolls in each part. When the concentration of flumetralin was 40 and 120 ml/667 m2, the growth inhibition of cotton plant height and internode spacing was the strongest, and the growth rates were 24.22, 1.02, 5.06 and 5.39 cm. With the increase or decrease of flumetralin concentration, the inhibitory effect on cotton plant height and fruit joint spacing was weakened. When the concentration of flumetralin was 60 and 180 mL/667 m2, the growth inhibition effect of fritters and upper and middle fruit branches was the strongest, with increments of 4.54, 7 and 6.83 cm. 【Conclusion 】 The combination of flumetralin and mepiquat chloride can inhibit the growth of cotton collateral in the bud stage and early flowering stage, achieve the effect of cotton shaping and the effect of capping can be achieved by spraying at the top stage.

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Studies on Grain Filling Dynamics of Spring Wheat in Xinjiang by Logistic Equation Fitting LI Jian-feng , FAN Zhe-ru , ZHANG Yue-qiang , WANG Zhong , GAO Xin, SHI Jia, ZHANG Hong-zhi , ZHAO Qi 2019, 56(11): 2006-2014.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1287KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the difference of grain filling genotypes of major spring wheat varieties in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Logistic equation was used to fit the grain growth dynamics, and the first derivative of the equation was calculated to obtain the grain growth rate equation, and the main characteristic values of grain filling of major spring wheat varieties in Xinjiang were obtained. 【Result】 The dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation in 9 varieties showed an "S" curve, i.e. the dynamic growth process began from slow to fast and back to slow process. The total dry matter quality of the tested varieties was (23.2±2.87) g/10 spike. The dynamic increase of grain dry matter quality at sampling stage was the highest at 14 and 19 days after the first florescence stage, and the lowest at 31 and 37 days after the initial florescence stage;The theoretical K value of the tested varieties was estimated to be (24.08±3.12) g/10 panicles. The overall performance of the rapid grain filling period was as follows: it entered the initial stage of rapid grain filling 12.60 days after the initial florescence, reached the termination stage of rapid grain- filling 24.94 days after the initial florescence, the duration of the rapid grain filling period was 12.34 days, and the contribution rate of grain dry matter accumulation reached 83.56%±7.06% in the termination stage of rapid grain filling. The overall performance of the maximum relative grain -filling rate (Vm) was (1.40±0.45) g/10 panicle/d. 12.60 days after the initial flowering period entered the starting stage of rapid filling. 【Conclusions 】 In recent years, the grain filling dry matter quality of new spring wheat varieties approved in recent years showed a trend of increasing gradually, namely, the rising trend of grain weight per panicle increased. The 0-25 days after the initial flowering stage was the key period for grain filling of spring wheat in Xinjiang, and it was an important period to make full use of agricultural measures such as water and fertilizer allocation to obtain high panicle grain weight. The four varieties Xinchun 38, Xinchun 44, Xinchun 6 and Xinchun 40 had the potential of high grain weight. Xinchun 39, Xinchun 6 and Xinchun 37 had short grain filling periods and belonged to varieties with relatively faster filling speed. Among them, Xinchu 6 was a strong grain filling variety with higher theoretical K value and relatively faster filling speed.

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An Anatomical Study on Flower Bud Differentiation of Miguang and Baoguang JIA Nan, YUAN Jun-wei, HAN Bin, LI Min-min, LIU Chang-jiang, YIN Yong-gang, SUN yan, GUO Zi-juan ZHAO Sheng-jian 2019, 56(11): 2015-2022.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1301KB) ( )   【Objective】 The study aims to observe the initiation time of flower bud differentiation and the speed of differentiation in different grape cultivars in the hope of providing theoretical foundation for alternate year bearing. 【Method】 The paraffin section method was used to observe the bud structure in the process of flower (cultivars Miguang, Baoguang and Summer Black).【 Result 】 The results showed that the whole process of the morphological differentiation of flower bud could be divided into the undifferentiating stage, the early differentiation of inflorescence stage, the inflorescence anlagen appearance stage, the formation of the main axis of inflorescence primordium stage, and the second branching of inflorescence primordium stage. The peak period of flower bud differentiation of Summer Black , Miguang and Baoguang occurred between the early June and the early August(about 60 days), between the early June and the mid to late June (about 40 days) and between the late May and the mid to late June(about 50 days) respectively.【Conclusion 】 In general, the morphological characteristics were basically the same in each stage in the three cultivars. The process of flower bud differentiation was slower, the duration of each stage was relatively longer and the stages were more overlapped with each other of Summer Black than Miguang and Baoguang.

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Analysis of Differences of Fruit Characters and Quality of Cabernet Sauvignonamong Grapes with Different Ages CAI Jun-she, BAI Shi-jian, HU Jin-ge, CHEN Guang 2019, 56(11): 2023-2031.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1493KB) ( )   【Objective】 The study was designed to investigate the effect of different ages of vine on the fruit quality of ripe Cabernet Sauvignon grape to provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of fruit quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and the production of good wines. 【Method】 5, 15 and 30 years' age of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape vines planted in the vineyard of Loulan Winery in Shanshan County, Turpan, Xinjiang were investigated by measuring and comparing indicators of ripe fruits, including the density of bunch, weight of single bunch, weight single berry, length and width of berry, color of berry skin, color of seed skin, soluble solid content (SSC), pH, total organic acids content, anthocyanin content, polyphenol content, tannin content, etc.【Results】 The results indicated that the masses of fruit clusters of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine in Shanshan County of Turpan ranged from 45.58 to 69.13 g, with grapevines of 5 years on the top (186.90 g) and the grapevines of 30 years at the bottom (22.04 g); that grapevines with 30 years of age were characterized with loose fruit clusters, high SSC content, less content of organic acid and relatively high content of solid acid, but there were no significant differences in variation coefficients of fruit clusters from grapevine with different ages, whose fruit grains ranged from 0.46 to 1.30 g, with grapevines of 30 years on the top (1.95 g) and the grapevines of 5 years at the bottom (0.14 g) and that there was no obvious effect of different ages of vine on length and width of berry, berry shape indicator, anthocyanin content, and tannin content and polyphenols content in the skin of berry. 【Conclusion 】 In Shanshan County, Turpan, Xinjiang, Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines of 5 years were characterized with the maximum mass of fruit cluster, the maximum content of tannin and polyphenol content in fruit and fruit peel and relatively the best fruit quality, so it is the best fruit age to produce grapes for quality wine.

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Effect of Dust Retaining on Photosynthetic Rate and Water Consumption Characteristics of Fruit Leaves HU Meng-ling1, Aliya Baiduerla1,2, LIU Li1, ZHANG Chun-xi1, ZHEV Jin1 2019, 56(11): 2032-2042.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1906KB) ( )   【Objective】 In this paper the photosynthetic rate change characteristics and water consumption characteristics under the conditions of leaves with dust and without dust were analyzed.【Method】 Four fruit trees were selected to measure the washed and unwashed leaves in a continuous time period by LI-6400XTphotosynthesis measuring system. The characteristics of photosynthetic rate and water using efficiency were analyzed.【Results】 The results showed that the leaf area had the largest amount of dust, followed by Malus domestica (apple) and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.(apricot), and the Pyrus spp (Korla pear) had the smallest amount of dust retention. The unwashed leaves` photosynthetic rates variated in the following order: Pyrus spp > Juglans regia L.(walnut ) > Malus domestica > Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. The waashed leaves` variated as Pyrus spp > Malus domestica > Juglans regia L.> Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.Water using efficiency of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam,Juglans regia L., Pyrus spp, Malus domestica were significantly different. 【Conclusion 】 Dust retaining had a negative effect on the photosynthesis rate of plants. Dus tretention ability was closely related to its leaf morphology (leaf surface groove, etc.), so plant leaf morphology and structure indirectly affect its` photosynthesis. The cleaned and unwashed ones of the four fruit leaves had different responses to environmental factors, and the leaves responded more sensitive to environmental variations after washing. Correlation analysis showed that the correlations between Pn, Gs, Ci, E and water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate were weaker after leaf cleaning, indicating that water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate were more affected by physiological index factors under dust retention state.

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Analysis of the Influence of Different Landscape Scales on the Spatial Distribution of Diaspidiotusslavonicus's Population FU Yuan-yuan1, JIANG Ping1, LIU Ai-hua2 , ZHANG Jing-wen2, YUE Zhao-yuan2, TIAN Cheng-ming 2019, 56(11): 2043-2053.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1773KB) ( )   【Objective】 The differences of spatial pattern of Diaspidiotusslavonicus (Green) population under different landscape scales (different landscape structures/different habitat) were studied in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the rational allocation of landscape elements and the prevention and control of the insect in the future. 【Method】 ArcGIS was used to classify landscape elements, and calculated the landscape indexes, and based on GS, spatial model was established by geostatistics.【Result】 The semi-variation function models of different landscapes are different, in which the Gaussian model (LS1) was significantly different from the exponential model (LS5). Landscape diversity index and landscape uniformity index had no direct effect on the spatial distribution of D. slavonicus, but the average area perimeter ratio was negatively correlated with the average insect population density. The population of D. slavonicus showed aggregation in different habitats, and the semi-variance function models were in accordance with the Gaussian and exponential models respectively. Moreover, under the woodland habitat, the average population density of D. slavonicus population was small, there was high continuity in space, and the variation ability was weak. Under the farmland fringe habitat, the average population density was large, and the spatial variability was strong and the patial aggregation was also strong.【Conclusion 】 The artificial interference (agriculture, watering, weeding, etc.) caused the landscape to be fragmented. The combination of the composition and configuration of landscape elements has controlled the diffusion and development of D. slavonicus to a certain extent. However, the rational configuration of the composition needs experimental exploration.

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The Community Stability along the Pyrogenic Succession after Severe Fires in Kanas Taiga LI Qing-yun1, PAN Cun-de1, YU Ge-bi2, LI Gui-hua 2019, 56(11): 2054-2061.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1024KB) ( )   【Objective】 To analyze the stability of the community stability along the pyrogenic succession in Kanas Taiga in different post-fire time series, after severe fires, in order to explain the stability of the community stability along the pyrogenic succession in Kanas Taiga from the ecological perspective, which might be of important practical significance for promoting the restoration and restoration of the Taiga ecosystem in China. 【Methods】 Based on the survey data of 382 samples in the scientific experimental area of Kanas National Nature Reserve, the same forest fire disturbance intensity and the same site conditions were taken as the research premise, eight typical Kanas typical undisturbed Tegalin succession communities under different post-fire time series were selected as the research objects. The improved Gordon, the stability determination method was introduced to evaluate the stability of 8 different post-fire time series in typical undisturbed Tegalin identifiable igneous succession community under intense forest fire disturbance in Kanas National Nature Reserve.【Results】 With the progress of the pyrogenic succession, the stability of the pyrogenic succession community of Kanas Taiga was different in response to post-fire time. Taking the same forest fire severity and site conditions as the research premise, the change of community stability was as follows: The community stability along the pyrogenic succession began to stabilize after the post-fire time of 60 years, and the community stability along the pyrogenic succession increased to some extent with the increase of the post-fire time and eventually slowly stabilized. 【Conclusion 】 The community stability along the pyrogenic succession was unstable before the post-fire time of 60 years , and the community stability along the pyrogenic succession was stable after the post-fire time of 60 years . Therefore, forest fire severity is an important factor affecting the community stability along the pyrogenic succession in Kanas Taiga, Xinjiang.

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Effects of Temperature Stress on the Main Antioxidant Enzymes to Pupae in Carpomya vesuviana Costa(Diptera: Tephritidae) LI Lan-jie, Adil Sattar 2019, 56(11): 2062-2071.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1356KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the adaptive mechanism of Carpomya vesuviana Costa with high temperature in Turpan.【Method】 In this project, the pupae of C. vesuviana were treated with temperature stress to measured the activities of Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) at different temperatures (45℃, 43℃, 41℃, 37℃, 33℃, 28℃ (CK), 4℃, and 0℃) for 3, 6 and 9 h, respectively, thus reflecting the changes of the antioxidant enzyme system.【Result】 The results showed that the MDA content in the pupae of C. vesuviana was significantly higher under high temperature and low temperature stress than that in CK (28℃), The MDA content was the highest at 33℃/6h, and the lowest MDA content was (0.039±0.012) nmol/(mg protein) at 0℃/9h. Besides, the activity of peroxidase (POD) was highest at 0 ℃/9h and the activity of catalase (CAT) was highest at 4℃/9h in C. vesuviana pupae after heat stress. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was the highest at 41 ℃ / 9 h, three peaks appeared at low temperature of 0 ℃, 4℃ and high temperature of 41℃. Therefore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly after the peaks of 0-4℃ in the low temperature zone and 41-45 ℃ in the high temperature zone. This decreasing trend was not significant at the treatment temperature of 33-37 ℃. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity was highest at 41℃ / 6 h, and it could maintain a high activity value at higher or lower temperatures, and played a role of antioxidant stress stably. 【Conclusion 】 At extreme temperature, heat stress has an extremely significant effect on C. vesuviana, which reveals the effect of temperature stress on the antioxidant enzyme activity of C. vesuviana, and provides a scientific basis for explaining the heat tolerance of C. vesuviana from the physiological and biochemical perspective.

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Pathogen Identification and Occurrence Regularity of Powdery Mildew of Coreopsis grandiflora in Shihezi HAI Yan, LI Yan, FANG Zhi-hao, WANG Kai-tao, REN Yu-zhong 2019, 56(11): 2072-2078.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1355KB) ( )   【Objective】 To identify the pathogenic species and explore dynamic epidemic of Coreopsis grandiflora powdery mildew in Shihezi area. 【Method】 Morphological and molecular approaches were adopted to identify the pathogen of Coreopsis grandiflora powdery mildew, and dynamic of disease epidemic was systematically surveyed. 【Result】 The results showed that the conidiophores were up-right and producing 2-4 conidia in chains. Conidia were 24.4-34.2 μm×14.6-22.0 μm, Chasmothecia were dark brown, spherical, 115.1( 96.3-139.0)μm in diameter. Chasmothecium contained one asci with eight ascospores. Asci were sessile, broadly ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose,68.3-131.7 μm×56.1-80.5 μm. Ascospores were 14.6-26.8 μm×12.2-21.7 μm. Appendages were mycelioid. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the fungus was amplified and sequenced. The resultant 563 BP sequence was produced. A GenBank BLAST search of the China and Korea isolates showed above 99.0% similarity with Podosphaera fusca (Accession numbers are: KM225763, JX546297, KR049083 and MF476989) . 【Conclusion 】 Therefore, the pathogen causing powdery mildew of Coreopsis grandiflora was identified as Podosphaera fusca. The disease began in the middle of April, reached its peak in late June, and began to decline in early July in Shihezi of Xinjiang.

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Preliminary Study on Weed Species Composition and Community Characteristics in Sweet Potato Field in Desert Oasis Region of Southern Xinjiang ZHANG Hang 1, LIN Ning1,2, CHEN Li1,3, FU Kai-yun1, JIN Ping4, LIU En-liang4, GAO Hai-feng1 2019, 56(11): 2079-2089.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1686KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the weed species composition and community structure in sweet potato fields in desert oasis region of Xinjiang. 【Method】 The weeds of sweet potato fields were investigated using the method of inverted W-pattern with 9 sampling points.【Result】 The results showed that 46 weed species belonged to 42 genera of 19 families in sweet potato fields in desert oasis region of Xinjiang. There were 10 species of Gramineae, 8 species of Compositae, 5 species of Chenopodiaceae, 3 species of Leguminosae, 3 species of Polygonaceae and 1-2 species of other families. There were 20 species of weeds whose relative abundance were more than 1. The dominant weeds in sweet potato fields were Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crusgalli, Convolvulus arvensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis. The common weeds were Solanum nigrum, Hibiscus trionum, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis minor, Setaria viridis, Sonchus arvensis, Phragmites communis, Sonchus arvensis, Datura stramonium, Cirsium japonicum, Chloris virgata, Equisetum ramosissimum and Artemisia argyi, the other 26 weed species were normal weeds. Among the dominant weeds, the most harmful weeds were Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crusgalli, the relative abundance of which were 16.29, 13.27 and 11.36.【Conclusion 】 The dominant index of weed community in walnut-sweet potato intercropping field was 0.18, higher than that in sweet potato monocropping field, while the diversity index and evenness index of weed community were 2.25 and 0.60, lower than those in sweet potato monocropping field, respectively. This indicated that the dominant weeds were concentrated in walnut-sweet potato intercropping field, and the damage was higher than that in sweet potato monoculture field. The weed species and community structure in sweet potato fields in desert oasis region of Xinjiang were clarified, which provided a theoretical basis for the scientific control of weeds in sweet potato fields.

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Effects of Biological Organic Fertilizer on Yield Structure and Economic Benefits of Ziziphus Jujube ZHANG Ji-feng1, WANYAN Yue2, XIE Xiang-wen1 2019, 56(11): 2090-2095.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1020KB) ( )   【Objective】 To improve the quality of jujube, ensure the yield of jujube, reduce the input of chemical fertilizer and reduce the environmental risk by studing the application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer 【Method】 The field location experiments reduction by alternative organic fertilizer efficiency tests were set to partly replace biological organic fertilizer processing (Bio-organic fertilizer, BOF), fertilization of chemical fertilizer treatment, (CF) and blank treatment (CK), the effects of biological organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on jujube yield structure were studied and red jujube orchard economic benefit was analyzed.【 Result 】 The data showed that using organic fertilizer partly replacing fertilizer could increase the red jujube yield by 409.5 kg/hm2 (P<0.05), compared with single application of chemical fertilizer treatment (6 427.5 kg/hm2) and blank treatment (4 273.5 kg/hm2), the increase was 6.4% and 59.9%, respectively. The single fruit weight of jujube increased significantly. In the mature stage, the single fruit weight of jujube was respectively BOF (19.8 g) >CF (18.1 g) >CK (15.1 g). The bearing branch lengths of BOF treatment jujube were 17.2 cm and 27.9 cm at flowering stage and fruit expansion stage, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the CF treatment and the CK treatment (P<0.05).The cracking rate of jujube decreased from CK (18.8%) and CF (15.7%) to BOF (13.1%). The comprehensive economic benefit analysis showed that compared with CF, BOF treatments could increase revenue by 4 389.0 RMB /hm2, and reduce fertilizer consumption by 18.2%. 【Conclusion 】 In order to achieve the purpose of high quality and high yield of jujube and fertilizer reduction efficiency, it is necessary to use the way of bio-organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizer. The results of this study has provided a reference for the rational use of biological organic fertilizer and the combination of chemical fertilizer used approach, enrich the research and application of orchard nutrient resources use in jujube garden. This is the technical support for the healthy development of jujube industry.

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Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Nutrients in Farmland of Yili Prefecture Based on GIS and Geostatistics LI Na, CHEN Shu-huang, LAI Ning, LI Yong-fu, GEN Qing-long 2019, 56(11): 2096-2103.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1323KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the spatial variability and distribution of soil nutrients, and provide theoretical basis for the fertilization zoning of agricultural areas in arid areas and the promotion of precision agriculture.【Result】 (1). Both AP and SOM belonged to strong variation intensity, and the coefficient of variation was 0.82 and 0.79, respectively. The coefficient of variation of other soil fertility indicators was between 0.60 and 0.67, which were all of moderate intensity. (2). The content of TN and SOM in the soil of Yili Prefecture was generally higher, and the proportion of the above-mentioned samples was 66.66% and 61.07%, respectively. The second was AK and AP. The proportion of samples above the richer was 50.85% and 49.37%, respectively. The rations of missing and scarce sample points exceeded 65.72%. (3) TN, SOM, and AN exhibit strong spatial correlation, with block-to-base ratios of 0.107, 0.002, and 0.000,07, respectively; AP's block-to-base ratio is 0.403, showing moderate spatial autocorrelation in the region; The quick-acting potassium has a block-to-base ratio of 0.755 and exhibits a weak spatial autocorrelation in the region. (4) The soil nutrient content in this area is mostly plaque-like in spatial distribution. Among the five nutrient indicators, the spatial distribution of TN and AN content is similar, and the higher content is mainly distributed in the eastern part of Yili Prefecture; the spatial distribution of SOM and AP content is similar, and the higher content is mainly distributed in the southern part of Yili Prefecture; The spatial distribution of AK content is relatively balanced.【Conclusion 】 The average contents of AK, SOM and AP in the study area were all at a high level and the average contents of TN and AN were at a low level. The spatial distribution of soil nutrient content generally showed a pattern of high in the north, low in the north and high in the east and west.

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Soil Fertility Evaluation for Orchard Soil Based on Improvement of Nemerow Index GENG Qing-long, LI Na, LAI Ning, LI Ya-li, CHEN Shu-huang 2019, 56(11): 2104-2111.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1125KB) ( )   【Objective】 To better explain the actual situation of soil fertility in orchard in the hope of providing a basis for scientific fertilization and soil & crop nutrition diagnosis. 【Method】 This paper introduced the Nemero index method and modified it according to the"Wooden barrel theory"of soil fertility. The soil fertility of orchard in Wensu County was comprehensively evaluated by using the method of membership function and modified Neimero index method, and by selecting 10 indexes of conventional nutrients and trace elements.【Result】 The combined fertility contribution rates of soil conventional nutrients and trace element nutrients in the study area were 0.45 and 0.55, respectively; the soil comprehensive fertility index was between 0.10 and 0.85, with an average of 0.39, and as a whole, it was at a moderately low level. 【Conclusion 】 Using the membership function and the modified Nemero index method, the comprehensive evaluation method of quantitative soil fertility was established, which highlighted the deficiency of single soil fertility index and better revealed the soil fertility status of orchards.

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Genetic Diversity Analysis of Introduced Flax Germplasm Resources GUO Dong-liang, JIANG Hai-xia, ZHANG Yu, YE Jia-li, WANG Yue, YAN Qing-cheng, XIE Li-qiong 2019, 56(11): 2112-2122.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1580KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this study is to analyze the genetic diversity of introduced flax germplasm resources and to provide abundant genetic parents for flax breeding. 【Method】 The genetic diversity, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 144 flax germplasms were conducted based on 24 agronomic traits.【Result】 The genetic diversity of 144 materials in 13 quality traits and 11 quantitative traits ranged from 0.37 to 1.20 and 1.97 to 2.09, with an average of 0.83 and 2.03, showing a higher genetic diversity. The variation coefficients of quantitative traits were from 6.22% to 40.74%, and the variation coefficients of capsule number, 1,000 grain weight and technical length were higher than those of others traits, and these yield-related traits had a larger selection space in flax breeding. In the correlation analysis of agronomic traits, "height factor" had a significant negative correlation with "branch factor" and "seed size factor". Plant height had no significant correlation with the number of capsules. The main reason was that the oil-fiber dual purpose flax had higher plant height, longer technological length, more number of branches and more capsule numbers, which interfered with the correlation between plant height and capsule numbers. The nine principal components (PC1-PC9) accounted for about 73.57% of the phenotypic variation, and the first two principal components accounted for 32.31%. PC1 represented "characteristic trait factor of oil flax", and PC2 represented "characteristic trait factor of fiber flax". 144 flax germplasms were aggregated into two populations, fiber and oil based on 24 agronomic traits. divided into fiber flax and oil flax based on 24 agronomic traits. 【Conclusion 】 The introduced flax germplasm resources have high genetic diversity. Morphological markers were first used to distinguish fiber flax from oil flax, indicating that yield-related traits were mainly selected in the process of flax acclimation. These results provided a basis for the selection of parents and the innovation of germplasm in cultivated flax breeding.

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Relationship between Vegetation Diversity and Productivity under Different Grazing Intensities in Mountain Meadow Grassland Xueretijiang Maitinuri, YANG Jing-jing, Tuerxunnayi Reyimu, ZHANG Qing-qing 2019, 56(11): 2123-2132.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1617KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study changes of plant community in mountain meadow grassland under different grazing intensities in the hope of providing scientific basis for rational utilization of this kind of grassland.【Method】 From 2016 to 2018, for three consecutive years, field sampling and indoor analysis were used to analyze the quantitative characteristics, diversity index and the relationship between diversity index and aboveground biomass of mountainous meadow grassland in the middle part of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain. The quantitative characteristics, diversity index and the relationship between the diversity index and the above-ground biomass were analyzed by light grazing (LG), heavy grazing (HG) and non-grazing control (CK). 【Result】 (1) Under different grazing intensities, perennial herbs were dominant in mountain meadow, and the dominant species were Carex stenocarpa, Koeleria cristata, Stipa capillata and Achnatherum inebrians. Under the condition of heavy grazing (HG), livestock firstly adopted plants with good palatability, and the number of plants with good palatability in the community decreased, and the dominant position of the community was gradually replaced by poisonous plants such as A. inebrians. (2) Under CK and light grazing (LG) and heavy grazing (HG) conditions, with the increase of grazing intensity, above-ground biomass, height and coverage of plant communities showed a decreasing trend from 2016 to 2018 (P<0.05). The community density showed a decreasing trend from 2016 to 2017 (P<0.05). (3) With the increase of grazing intensity, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index of plant community species all declined, showing CK > LG > HG. There was no significant difference between CK, LG and HG from 2016 to 2017 (P> 0.05), while there was significant difference between CK, LG and HG in 2018 (P< 0.05). (4) There was a positive linear correlation between Pielou index, Shannon-Wiener index, ,Margalef index, aboveground biomass under LG, HG and CK conditions (P<0.05).【Conclusion 】 Under different grazing intensities, the Simpson index, Pielouindex and Shannon-Wiener index of plant communities in mountain meadow decreased with increase of grazing intensities. There was a significant positive linear correlation between aboveground biomass and Pielou evenness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef index (P<0.05).

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Effect of Alcohol Extract from Garlic on the Motility of Murine Small Intestinal Smooth Muscle in Vitro Adilai Ali, ZHAO Shu-lin, LI Lu-lu, SUN Xiao-yan, YU Wan-li, HAO Zhi-hui, ZHAO Hong-qiong 2019, 56(11): 2133-2139.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1577KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the effect of alcohol extract from garlic on gastrointestinal motility and to understand its possible mechanism of action. 【Method】 In this experiment, the effect of alcohol extract from garlic on the motility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle in mice and its possible mechanism in vitro were monitored by biological signal processing system.【Result】 The results showed that garlic alcohol extract with twice concentration (0.025% - 0.4%) inhibited the contraction amplitude of small intestine (P< 0.05), but the contraction tension had not changed (P> 0.05); The maximum effective concentration of garlic was 0.2% which inhibited the contraction of intestine, and the contraction amplitude was 26% ± 7% of pre-administration (P< 0.01); 0.2% garlic combined with M-receptor agonist bethanechol chloride or KCl was not significantly different from bethanechol chloride or KCl alone in contraction tension, amplitude, peak and area under curve(P> 0.05). 【Conclusion 】 The present results indicate that alcohol extract from garlic inhibits the movement of isolated small intestine in mice, moreover, this inhibition effect may not be related to the inhibition of cholinergic M-receptors and the inhibition of decreased intracellular potassium ion outflow.

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Analysis and Prospect of the Evolution Trend of Grain Trade in China GAO Yan-qing1, DING Jian-guo2, MA Ji-liang 2019, 56(11): 2140-2147.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1092KB) ( )   【Objective】 In view of the new characteristics of China's grain trade since 2000, this project aims to study the evolution trend of grain trade, and look forward to the grain trade, so as to provide scientific basis for China to adjust the balance between grain supply and demand and ensure national food security. 【Method】 Basing on the data related to China's grain trade in the UN COMTRADE database from 2000 to 2017,the Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) was employed to analyze the evolution of China's grain trade pattern, to explore the impact of grain-related policies on trade, and finally to forecast the development trend of China's grain trade.【Result】 The results showed that China's grain export changed from strong competitiveness to weaker competitiveness, and competitiveness is weakening; China has changed from a net exporter of cereals to a net importer of cereals; China's grain import and export market and import and export product structure have changed significantly; China's grain import and export market and import and export product structure have changed significantly. After a series of adjustments, the grain support policy has effectively promoted the normal operation of the grain market and guaranteed the income of farmers; Grain imports are subject to tariff quotas for the import of agricultural products, while grain exports are regulated by the State in the light of grain production 【Conclusion 】 China's grain consumption structure has displayed new characteristics. That is, the demand for grain has increased from "quantity" to "quality". Under the constraints of resources and environment, there is limited room for grain yield to increase in China, so there is great potential for further increase in imports.

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Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Small Farmers' Income in Three Prefectures of Southern Xinjiang Based on Quantile Regression Method WANG Guang-yao1, SU Wu-zheng2, LUO Wan-yun 2019, 56(11): 2148-2156.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2019.11.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1301KB) ( )   【Objective】 To analyze the influencing factors of small farmers' income in the three prefectures of southern Xinjiang in the hope of providing consultations to increase the income of small farmers. 【Method】 The data were obtained through questionnaires, forums and community visits, collection and collation of official website documents, and furthermore, the data were collected and processed, quantile regression modeling and other methods were used to analyze 580 questionnaires in the three prefctures in southern Xinjiang.【Result】 The per capita arable land area had a significant impact on the middle and high income groups(25%, 50%, 75% and 90% segment), and both were positively correlated at a significant level of 1%. The coefficient estimates were 0.012,7, 0.011,1, 0.016,5 and 0.022,8 respectively; The proportion of household labor force had a significant impact on income households between 25% and 75%, and the coefficient estimates were 0.701, 0.894, and 0.762 at the significant level of 5%; The average duration of education of the family labor force only had a significant impact on the middle-income groups (50% and 75%). At the significant level of 5%, the coefficients were estimated to be 0.036,0 and 0.039,4, respectively; The average working life of the family labor force had a significant negative correlation effect on the family income group except the 10% sub-segment, and the coefficient estimates were -0.023,3, -0.015,5, -0.011,8 and -0.014,3 respectively; The level of family agricultural mechanization only had a significant impact on high-income groups, and had a significant impact on 90% of households with subsection income at 5% significant level, with a coefficient of 0.123. 【Conclusion 】 It was found that the average annual cultivated land area of per household had a significant positive impact on the family income of middle-income and high-income small farmers, the proportion of household labor force and the average duration of education for household labor had a significant positive impact on the family income of middle-income small farmers, and the average working life family labor had a significant negative impact on the family income of medium and high income smallholder farmers, the level of agricultural mechanization of household had a significant positive impact on the family income of high-income smallholder farmers.