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    Crop Genetics and Breeding·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology·Germplasm Resources
    Study on Estimation of Water Status of Winter Wheat in Different Growth Stages Based on Hyperspectral Imaging
    ZHU Zhen, LI Tiansheng, CUI Jing, CHEN Jianhua, SHI Xiaoyan, JIANG Menghao, WANG Haijiang
    2022, 59(3): 521-532.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.001
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2060KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 Real-time and rapid acquisition of crop moisture status is extremely important for accurate management of crop water in farmland. 【Methods】 This study took typical drip irrigation winter wheat in Xinjiang as the research object, applied hyperspectral imaging technology to obtain winter wheat canopy spectrum information, and smoothed and conversed the data of the raw spectral reflectance. Simple linear regression (SLR), principal components regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) methods were used to construct plant moisture content estimation models for the raw spectrum and transformed spectrum of winter wheat canopy respectively. 【Results】 The results showed that the correlation between the raw spectral reflectance of winter wheat canopy and the plant moisture content was not high. Data transformation of the raw spectral reflectance significantly enhanced the correlation with the moisture content and the number of relevant bands. Among them, the correlation coefficient between reciprocal first-order differential transformation and winter wheat plant moisture content was the largest, which was -0.893,0. However, the band position corresponding to the maximum correlation coefficient of each transformation was not fixed. Among the three modeling methods, the PLSR method had the highest model accuracy, while the logarithmic transformed PLSR model had the highest estimation accuracy. The model $R_{p}^{2}$, RMSEp and RPD values were 0.880,8, 3.251,2%, and 2.934,3, respectively. There were differences in the estimation model accuracy of winter wheat at different growth stages. The estimation model accuracy of the jointing stage and the heading stage was lower, and the mid-grouting stage was the highest. The estimated model $R_{p}^{2}$, RMSEp and RPD values were 0.904,8, 1.381,1%, 3.454,7, respectively. 【Conclusion】 It is feasible to use hyperspectral imaging technology to estimate the moisture content of winter wheat plants, and the best estimation effect is in the mid-grouting stage.

    Effects of the Interaction between Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Seed Yield and Activity of Elymus Sibiricus
    WANG Rujia, TANG Feng, ZHANG Shuzhen, ZHANG Yongchao, LUO Jin, CHEN Yingxia, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Bo
    2022, 59(3): 533-540.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.002
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of different densities and nitrogen fertilizer interaction on seed yield and vigor of Elymus sibiricus in Xinjiang, and to provide theoretical basis for seed production of Elymus sibiricus.【Methods】 The split plot design was adopted and two density treatments (258,700 plants/hm2) and high density (715,200 plants /hm2) were set up. Under each density level, 5 nitrogen application treatments were set, including 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/hm2, respectively.【Results】 There were significant differences in seed yield of E. sibiricus under different densities and nitrogen application treatments (P < 0.05); under different density treatments, the highest seed yield was 899.3 kg/hm2 at low density (258,700 plants/hm2), 54.3% higher than that under low density and no nitrogen application treatment, and 90 kg/hm2 under high density. The highest seed yield was 730.6 kg/hm2, and the yield increased by 58.3% under the treatment of higher density and no nitrogen application. The seed vigor of E. sibiricus was significantly increased under the condition of nitrogen density interaction (P < 0.05). The germination potential, germination index, radicle length and seedling fresh weight of low density treatment were significantly higher than those of high density treatments (P < 0.05).【Conclusion】 In the experimental area, under the planting density of 258,700 plants/hm2, 90 kg/hm2 of nitrogen fertilizer can obtain the high yield and high quality seeds of E. sibiricus.

    Responses of Flour Quality Characters of Different Wheat Varieties to High Temperature during Flowering and Species Heat Resistance Evaluation
    LIU Yichen, WU Niping, Токтаров Н.З., JIA Shuping, XIANG Xuechun, LI Weihua, ZHANG Donghai
    2022, 59(3): 541-550.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.003
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    【Objective】 In recent years, with the intensification of the greenhouse effect, high temperature heat damage has become the main restrictive factor restricting wheat production and has a serious impact on wheat quality. Therefore, this study aims to study the effects of high temperature heat damage on wheat flour quality by using field simulation of high temperature stress in the hope of providing theoretical references for the breeding of new varieties of high-yield, high-quality, heat-resistant wheat. 【Methods】 26 spring wheat varieties from different countries and regions were selected as test materials, and high temperature treatment was carried out during the heading - blooming period. The mature grains were taken to determine the protein content, grain hardness and flour quality and other indicators by comprehensive evaluation of its heat resistance by cluster analysis. 【Results】 The wet gluten content of 18 varieties such as Abo showed an upward trend under high temperature stress, but the gluten index of most varieties decreased; the peak viscosity of 3 varieties of Longmai 30, Xinchun 38 and Xinchun 41 exhibited under high temperature significant increase, but the grain hardness indexes of most wheat varieties were not significantly affected by high temperature during flowering. Analysis of heat resistance showed that 5 varieties, including Abo, Gaoyuan 448, Ningchun 53, Xinchun 44, Xinchun 40, had strong heat resistance; Longmai 30, Longmai 37, Zangchun 11, Kechun 4 10 varieties, including Longmai 26, Longmai 35, Gaoyuan 506, Kechun 11, Ningchun 16, and Xinchun 31, showed moderate heat tolerance. 【Conclusion】 High temperature stress has different effects on flour quality of different genotype wheat varieties. The heat tolerance of Xinjiang self-bred varieties needs to be further improved.

    Effect of Low Temperature Stress in Bud Stage on Cotton Growth and Development
    ZHONG Xinnian, LIANG Qigan, XU Jianwei, XU Mengke, TANG Kaixiu, LI Zhibo
    2022, 59(3): 551-557.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.004
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    【Objective】 To explore the influence of low temperature stress on the growth and development of cotton at bud stage, so as to provide cold-resistant experience for the field planting of early maturing upland cotton in northern Xinjiang, and provide resource guarantee and theory for the screening of low-temperature resistant germplasm resources and the breeding of low-temperature resistant varieties.【Methods】 Three stages of experimental materials: low temperature gradient or mild hypothermia T1 (20℃/15℃, day/night), medium low temperature T2 (15℃/10℃), severe low temperature T3 (10℃/5℃) and contrast CK (28℃/20℃) were given to study the effects of different low temperature and low temperature cold-resistance on the growth and development of northern Xinjiang cotton varieties of different years: Xinluzao 61, Xinluzao 36 and Xinluzao 10. 【Results】 After 15 d of bud cotton treated under severe low temperature stress, all physiological indicators of the plant were significantly lower than those of mild and moderate temperature stresses, indicating that the lower the stress temperature, the more obvious the inhibitory effect on the growth of the bud cotton. Under the same low temperature treatment, the longer the low temperature treatment lasted, the more obvious the inhibitory effect on the growth of bud cotton. 【Conclusion】 When the low stress temperature is lower than 15℃, the cold resistance of Xinluzao 36 is better than that of Xinluzao 61 and Xinluzao 10. Xinluzao 36 shows more stable crytemperature resistance may be enhanced by inhibiting plant reproductive growth.

    Effects of Warming Irrigation on Biomass, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Cotton
    MENG Ajing, QI Yingying, FU Yanbo, WANG Zhiguo, WANG Xinyong, FENG Yaozu
    2022, 59(3): 558-566.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.005
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    【Objective】 To study the influence of drip irrigation temperature on the growth and yield of cotton by field warming water irrigation. 【Methods】 the experiment was divided into warming irrigation (ZW) and well water irrigation (CK). The effects of warming irrigation on cotton growth were determined by measuring cotton growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, nutrient absorption and yield. 【Results】 (1) In warming irrigation conditions, plant height increased significantly in different growing periods, stem diameter increased slightly, leaf area increased significantly during bud and early flowering stage, in addition to full boll stage, the period of specific leaf weight also increased. Warming irrigation could promote the accumulation of biomass in different growth stages and various parts of cotton; (2) warming irrigation had effect on the biomass allocation pattern. The stem weight ratio increased at bud stage and flowering and boll stage, and decreased in the rest stages; (3) The ability of plants to absorb nutrients was increased under warming irrigation condition, and the absorption capacity of the whole cotton to N elements increased by 57.4% (P < 0.01) compared with that of well irrigation. The bell organs P2O5 absorption amount increased 33.0% (P <0.05) compared with well irrigation; the absorption capacity of K20 on roots, stems, leaves and bolls of cotton increased by 23.62%, 53.81%, 62.99%, 33.95%, respectively, compared with well irrigation, stems and leaves increased significantly (P <0.01);(4)Under warming irrigation conditions, the boll number increased by 18.54%, single boll mass decreased 8.86%, cotton yield increased 7.29%. 【Conclusion】 This study suggests that warming irrigation can promote cotton growth, absorption and accumulation of nutrients, biomass and yield, but it is not recommended by warming irrigation in boll stage.

    Horticultural Special Local Products·Agricultural Product Processing
    Research on Preliminary Grading Evaluation of Fruit Quality of 'Thompson Seedless' Grape
    HU Jinge, BAI Shijian, CHEN Guang, ZHAO Ronghua, CAI Junshe
    2022, 59(3): 567-577.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.006
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    【Objective】 To explore the different characteristics of appearance and quality of 'Thompson Seedless' grape in different grades of panicle quality and grain quality, and to provide scientific basis for high quality cultivation and fruit grading of the grape. 【Methods】 'Thompson Seedless' grapes in Turpan area were used as experimental materials,the grape bunches were divided into nine different levels based on the bunch weight,which were ≤300 g,301-400 g,401-500 g,501-600 g,601-700 g,701-800 g,801-900 g,901-1,000 g and >1,000 g,the fruit quality were divided into seven different levels basing on the fruit quality as well,which were ≤1.5 g,1.51-2.0 g,2.01-2.5 g,2.51-3.0 g,3.01-3.5 g,3.51-4.0 g,>4.0 g. Fruit characters were measured,including bunch weight,berry weight,soluble solid content,total acid,tannin content,color index and so on.Bunch quality with 9 index and berry quality with 7 index were comprehensively analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA) respectively. 【Results】 The results showed that bunch weight and berry weight were in normal distribution.A principal component analysis carried out on the quality of the ear, the tightness of the ear, the color of the fruit surface, the content of soluble solids, the titratable acid, the acid retention ratio, the VC content, the tannin and the polyphenol showed that the ratio of PCA was 87.38% and it was believed that it reflected the basic bunch character. The first principal component was sobuble solids content,ratio of SSC to acid and color of skin,the second was bunch weight,tannins and total phenol content,the third was bunch density and acid. The ratio of PCA was 86.42% and it was considered the basic berry character. The first principal component can be summarized as soluble solids content, solid-acid ratio and VC, and the second principal component can be summarized as fruit grain mass and titratable acid content. Soluble solid content and acid of bunch(>1,000 g)were inferior to others,bunch(401-800 g)were rather stable.Ratio of SSC to acid of berry(2.01-2.50 g)was the highest and berry(>4.0 g)was the smallest. 【Conclusion】 The yield of seedless white grape in Shanshan county is better when the quality of panicle is 401-800 g and the quality of fruit grain is 2.0-3.5 g.

    Multivariate Analysis of Fruit Quality of Korla Pear Irrigated by Different Methods
    ZHANG Qian, LI Xiaoting, WU Cuiyun, ZHANG Rui, BAO Jianping, TAO Shutian
    2022, 59(3): 578-587.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.007
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of different irrigation methods on the fruit quality Korla fragrant pear with a view to providing theoretical basis for improving the effective utilization rate of water resources in pear orchard and improving the fruit quality. 【Methods】 With 16 years of Korla fragrant pear as the test material, using three irrigation methods: trench irrigation, drip irrigation and irrigation, the effects of different irrigation methods on the fruit quality was compared, and suitable irrigation methods were screened. 【Results】 Compared with the control of large water irrigation, drip irrigation significantly increased the fruit desorization rate, the color was ruddy, the fruit single fruit weight, fruit index, the thickness of the cuticlelayer layer increased significantly, and the hardness and VC content of the fruit decreased significantly. The fruit weight of ditch irrigation was reduced, while fruit-shaped index, fruit hardness, Vc content, wax layer and wood hydrant layer thickness increased, and the overall quality of fruit of drip irrigation was obtained by the main component analysis, followed by ditch irrigation; The 3-2 treatment of diffuse irrigation is conducive to the growth of the fruit, the fruit quality was better than the fruit quality of the ditch irrigation treatment, 3-2 treatment was more conducive to improving the comprehensive quality. 【Conclusion】 Compared with the current traditional irrigation, appropriate reduction in irrigation can save water greatly and improve the fruit quality of 'Korla pears'.

    Effects of Exogenous Calcium on Physiological Characteristics of Muskmelon Seedling Leaves during High Temperature Period
    LIU Zhigang, REN Hongsong, Huxidan Maimaiti, WANG Ruihua, LI Haifeng, HU Guozhi
    2022, 59(3): 588-596.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.008
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of different concentrations of CaCl2 on the morphological changes and physiological characteristics of muskmelon seedlings under high temperature and strong light in autumn field in Turpan area, so as to provide reference for determining the optimal application concentration of CaCl2, and improving the stress resistance of muskmelon seedlings and the whole seedling and strong seedling rate of melon. 【Methods】 Four treatments were set up to study the physiological characteristics of muskmelon Xizhoumi 17, which were sprayed with 20, 10 and 5 mmol/L, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of CaCl2 on physiological characteristics of muskmelon seedlings were analyzed. 【Results】 Under high temperature condition, with the growth and exercise of seedlings, the soluble protein content of muskmelon leaves showed a three-stage "S" curve of "slow decline-rapid rise-slow rise", the relative content of chlorophyll always increased, and the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT) and MDA content first increased and then decreased. Soluble protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CATt) and MDA content increased significantly, then decreased rapidly from 3-leaf stage to 5-leaf stage, and slowly decreased or fluctuated in a certain range from 5-leaf stage to 9-leaf stage. 【Conclusion】 Spraying 5 mmol/L CaCl2 can increase the relative content of chlorophyll and soluble protein by 17.70% and 23.61% respectively, and the activities of SOD, pod and cat are increased by 115.79%, 57.42% and 53.52% respectively, and the content of MDA is decreased by 22.13% compared with the control.

    Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Photosynthetic Fluorescence Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Cucumber Cultivated with Yellow Sand and Slag Composite Substrate
    MA Xinchao, ZHOU Yu, LIU Qing, XUAN Zhengying, CHEN Mengmeng, ZHANG Kaihao, WANG Xufeng, TAN Zhanming
    2022, 59(3): 597-608.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.009
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    【Objective】 To study the effects of water and fertilizer coupling on photosynthetic fluorescence, yield and quality of cucumber. 【Methods】 Taking "Xintaimici " cucumber as the test material, under the cultivation mode of yellow sand and slag composite substrate, four variables including irrigation amount, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were set up, and one half of the four variable quadratic general rotation combination design was used. 【Results】 (1) The net photosynthetic rate of cucumber increased with the increase of irrigation amount; under the condition of less water, proper fertilizer supply could improve the photosynthetic capacity of cucumber. (2) Under the water and nitrogen supply of 105% Ep, the lower P and K fertilizer was helpful to the chlorophyll synthesis of cucumber. Under 90% Ep water supply, the chloroplast pigment content of cucumber leaves was at a high level, and the maximum light conversion efficiency Fv / Fm was the highest. (3) Under the water supply of 75% Ep, higher N and K fertilizer, and lower P fertilizer could improve the single fruit weight of cucumber, and proper reduction of irrigation could improve the yield and quality of cucumber. 【Conclusion】 Under the cultivation mode of yellow sand and slag composite substrate, the optimal ratio of water and fertilizer for greenhouse cucumber production is C16, that is 90% Ep and N 540 kg / hm2+ P2O5270 kg / hm2 + K2O 1,043 kg / hm2.

    Effects of Different Supply Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Rosa multiflora
    MA Qinghua, WANG Xinghong, CAI Jingyan, TANG Zhimin, YANG Defu, ZHENG Guangshun
    2022, 59(3): 609-616.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.010
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    【Objective】 Study the nutrient absorption characteristics and root-soil interaction effects of wild rose will provide a scientific basis for optimal fertilization. 【Methods】 A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of five nitrogen and five phosphorus levels (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively) on the main stem diameter, nutrient absorption, leaf SPAD and the soil nutrient availability. 【Results】 The results of the two-year experiment showed that with the increase in nitrogen application, main stem diameter increased firstly and then decreased. When the nitrogen application rate increased from 0 to 50 mg/kg, the stem diameter growth increased by 22.69%-35.05%; When the rate increased to 100 mg/kg, the stem diameter growth increased by 46.34%-51.14%; When the amount of nitrogen increased to 300 mg/kg, the value of stem diameter growth decreased significantly. The effects of phosphorus supply levels on stem diameter showed a similar trend to nitrogen in 2018. When the phosphorus application rate was 100 mg/kg, the ground diameter growth reached the maximum,and then began to decrease. However, different trends were discovered in 2019. When the amount of phosphorus applied increased from 0 to 50 mg/kg, the stem diameter increased by 38.02%, and then remained stable. When the nitrogen application rate was 200 mg/kg and the phosphorus application rate was 100 mg/kg, the leaf SPAD value increased by 4.79% -17.12% and 5.85% -17.82%, respectively, compared with other treatments. With the increase in nitrogen application, the nitrogen content of the plants (leaves and branches) showed a similar trend as stem growth. As the amount of phosphorus applied increased, the phosphorus content of leaves and branches showed a trend of increasing first and then stabilizing. Moreover, under different nitrogen levels, the growth of main stem diameter showed a significant positive correlation with plant nitrogen content and soil available nitrogen (P <0.05). In contrast, under different phosphorus supply levels, the growth of main stem diameter only showed a significant correlation with soil available phosphorus (P <0.01). 【Conclusion】 The growth of Rosa multiflora shows a high degree of plasticity to the supply intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus. The appropriate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply are effective to maintain the appropriate nutrient availability in the soil, and promote nutrient absorption and the expansion of the trunk diameter.

    Determination of Dangshan Pear Pollen Vitality Using Near -Infrared Spectroscopy
    XU Yeting, ZHANG Xiaoli, ZHUANG Hongmei, DONG Wenxuan, GONG Peng
    2022, 59(3): 617-624.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.011
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of rapid detection of pollen viability of Dangshan pear by near-infrared spectroscopy. Pollens are male reproductive cells of botanical stamen and male gametophyte of higher plant, which not only carry genetic information of species, but also contain essential nutritious substance of breeding new life. When cross breeding is proceeded, artificial supplementary pollination was taken to solve the problems of different fruit species flowering mismatch and the cross difficulty between varieties of different places. 【Methods】 At storage temperature 4℃, Dangshan pear pollen was taken as test material and after 0 days, 7 days, 27 days,43 days and 65 days, pollen vigor was determined by in vitro germination method, and then, the spectral data were collected by scanning pollen with near infrared spectrometer; A modified partial least square method (MPLS) was used to fit the calibration model of the near infrared reflectance spectra and pollen viability of 100 pear pollen collected. At the same time, the pollen of Dangshan pear was identified by near infrared spectrum. 【Results】 The results showed that the pollen vigor of Dangshan pear was 70.6%, 60.3%, 57.1%, 53.2% and 34.1% respectively. From the beginning, the storage vigor droppped from 70.6% to 34.1%, the vigor decreased by 52%, and the pollen vigor varied significantly among them. Moreover, the research also revealed the calibration model between feature information of pollen viability and the near-infrared spectrogram by multiple linear regression. The results showed that the calibration model whose correlation coefficient R 2 was 0.985, the cross validation correlation coefficient 1-VR was 0.952,9, the standard cross validation activity by SECV was 2.5%. Taking log lg (R1540R1956) as independent variable after arithmetic addition of spectral reflectance, the fitted ExpAssoc equation was R 2 0.999,8, and the pollen viability had a functional relationship with its spectral reflectance.【Conclusion】 It is feasible to determine the pollen vigor of Dangshan pear by near infrared reflection technique.

    Study on Optimization of Anti-browning Technology of Heat Pump Drying Seedless Green Raisins by Response Surface Methodology
    LIAN Weijia, CHEN Ya, HAN Chen, LI Haifeng, LIU Zhigang, XU Guixiang, LEI Jing, WU Jiuyun
    2022, 59(3): 625-633.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.012
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    【Objective】 To solve the problem that raisins are easy to brown after cleaning green raisins in processing enterprises that seriously affects the quality and price of raisins. 【Methods】 The heat pump drying technology with high drying efficiency and good product quality was adopted. Based on the single factor experiment, the drying temperature, drying relative humidity and moisture discharge time were selected as the influencing factors, and the browning index BI value was taken as the index. Through response surface methodology design and analysis, the quadratic polynomial regression equation prediction model was obtained, and the best conditions for heat pump drying of green raisins after cleaning were determined. 【Results】 The mathematical model of BI value of green raisins obtained by response surface methodology was BI = 25.70-1.18A + 0.26B-0.081C + 0.99AB-0.032AC - 0.50BC + 3.13A 2+ 0.85B2+ 0.47C2. According to regression analysis, the best conditions for drying green raisins after cleaning by heat pump were drying temperature 51.19℃ and relative humidity 6.68%, moisture removal time 2.93 min. This experiment was limited by the parameters of heat pump drying equipment. The drying temperature was 51℃, the relative humidity is 7% and the moisture discharge time was 3 min. At this time, the browning index BI value of raisins was only 25.55, 23.23% lower than that of traditional hot air drying, which might be possible to provide reference for enterprises to dry and clean green raisins. 【Conclusion】 The drying of green raisin after cleaning is very important, which has an important influence on the color of green raisin. Heat pump drying technology can not only quickly remove the surface moisture of raisin, reduce browning, but also maintain the green color and flavor nutrition of raisin. Therefore, a method for drying and cleaning the green raisin is provided.

    Optimization of Chief Fermentation Process and Quality Evaluation of Mulberry Wine Based on Response Surface Method
    YANG Lu, FAN Shaoli, LI Hong, CHENG Ping, ZHANG Zhigang
    2022, 59(3): 634-644.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.013
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    【Objective】 To study the chief fermentation technology of mulberry wine with Xinjiang native variety “Qiangeli” mulberry as raw material. 【Methods】 Based on the single factor test, the box Behnken response surface optimization test was carried out and the optimal main fermentation technology parameters of mulberry wine were determined through the test: yeast addition 0.22 g/kg, fermentation temperature 21-23℃, sulfur dioxide addition 80 mg/kg. 【Results】 The results showed that mulberry wine not only had good taste, but also was rich in total flavonoids (2.66 g/L), anthocyanins (0.34 g/L) and other active substances. Meanwhile, 24 volatile aroma compounds were identified, including esters 77.86% of the total aroma substances, followed by 19.07% of the alcohols. 【Conclusion】 The optimal main fermentation parameters of mulberry fruit wine were obtained: the addition of yeast was 0.22 g/kg, the fermentation temperature was 21-23 ℃, and the addition of sulfur dioxide was 80 mg / kg.

    Effects of Processing Technology on the Quality of Not-From-Concentrate Apple Juice
    LI Xiaolei, Wang Kezhong, PAN Yan, MA Yan, XU Bing, ZHANG Ping, MENG Xintao
    2022, 59(3): 645-656.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.014
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    【Objective】 To clarify the key links of sensory quality change of non-concentrated reduction (NFC) apple juice during processing, It provides theoretical basis for regulating the internal quality of fruit juice and extending the shelf life of fruit juice. 【Methods】 Identify the key link that causes the change of material sensory quality, the color, turbidity, soluble solids, titratable acids and flavor changes of juice samples in each processing link of not-from-concentrate apple juice were determined.【Results】 The results showed that the luminance L and color h significantly decreased by 30.99% (P< 0.01) and 13.45% (P< 0.01), but the chroma C was significantly increased by 27.62% (P< 0.01). The brightness value L and color h increased by 6.75% (P< 0.01) and 10.79% (P< 0.01), while the color C decreased by 18.26% (P< 0.01). Homogenization reduced the brightness value L of juice material by 6.76% (P< 0.01) and the chroma C by 14.33% (P< 0.01). The turbidity of fruit juice was significantly increased by 8.20% (P< 0.01), 4.62% (P< 0.01) and 3.80% (P< 0.05) by enzyme inactivating, sterilization, ultrasound and homogenization. Homogenization and bactericidal processes reduced the soluble solids content by 1.54% (P< 0.05) and 2.04% (P< 0.01), and there was no significant change in the content of titratable acids during the whole process. Color protection reduced the NEBI value of juice materials by 46.73% (P< 0.01), inactivating enzyme increased the NEBI value by 15.5% (P< 0.05), and homogenization increased the NEBI value because part of oxygen was mixed into juice again. Color protection, sterilization and filling make the dissolved oxygen of juice material decrease significantly. The GC-IMS results showed that the enzyme deactivating and sterilization process had a great loss of juice flavor.【Conclusion】 Therefore, each processing link in NFC apple juice processing has an effect on the physicochemical properties of juice.

    Plant Protection·Agricultural Product Analysis and Detection
    Molecular Detection of Jujube Mosaic Virus
    BAI Jianyu, LUO Da, LIU Zhengxing, LI Hong
    2022, 59(3): 657-662.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.015
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    【Objective】 This project aims to develop a molecular detection method for carrying out the detection and analysis of field infection dynamic of jujube mosaic virus, so that we could explore the optimal time, and lay the foundation for the efficient control of the virus. 【Methods】 On the basis of obtaining the complete genome sequence accurately, specific primers were designed with RNA5 genome sequence as template. The specificity and sensitivity of primers were verified byRT-PCR technology, and the molecular detection technology was established by optimizing the reaction system. And also, the technology was applied to detect the infection dynamics of jujube mosaic virus. 【Results】 Experimental results showed that the lowest concentration of the virus was 4.79 pg/μL, which could be detected before the disease. The key time node of preventing jujube virus disease from late May to early June was identified by tracking and analyzing the field infection dynamics. 【Conclusion】 The established technique can detect and identify the pathogen quickly and accurately, and can be used to track and detect the infection dynamics between fields of jujube mosaic disease. Its establishment provides technical support for epidemic monitoring and early prevention of jujube mosaic virus disease in Xinjiang jujube planting area.

    Study on UF and DN of Furoxime and Its Metabolites in Rice
    DU Yuemei, GAO Liping, SHAO Hua
    2022, 59(3): 663-673.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.016
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    【Objective】 To explore the storage stability and residual behavior of dinotefuran and its metabolite UF and DN on rice, and carry out the standard residue field test of furoxime on rice in Shanghai, Anhui and other 12 places.【Methods】 The samples were extracted by acetonitrile acetate, and the supernatant was purified by dispersed solid phase extraction and detected by membrane, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.【Results】 The results showed that the average recovery rate of furoxime in rice was 86.8%-97.5%, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=5) was 1.6%-6.9%, and the average recovery rate of UF was 9%. The average recovery-DN was 86.1%-97.8%, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=5) was 1.5%-7.0%, and the quantitative limit (LOQ) was 0.05. The minimum detection was 2.5×10 -11. The final residue test showed that: 20% furoxime water dispersible granule, the dosage of preparation was 40 g /hm2 (120 ga.i/hm2), the application time was 2 times, the application interval was 10 d, the harvest interval was 14 d and 21 d, residue of furoxime in straw and rice was less than 0.5 mg/kg; and the residue of metabolites in straw and rice was less than 0.2 mg/kg, which respectively met the requirements of our country for the residue limit of furoxime in rice. Stability test also showed that furoxime and its metabolites were stored stably in -20℃ refrigerator.【Conclusion】 The data measured by this experimental method are in line with the requirements of China's limit of the residue of pyridosamine in rice, the storage of experimental drugs in the refrigerator at -20℃ is stable, indicating that the test data is effective, therefore, according to China's maximum residual limit on rice, it is recommended that 20% of the water dispersants of pyrethroids, the dosage is 40 g preparation / 667m2 (120 g a.i/hm2), applied in rice most twice, a safe interval is 10 days, and a safe harvesting interval is 14 days.

    Geographical Origin Discrimination of Jinghe Wolfberry and Zhongning Wolfberry Based on Multi Mineral Elements Analysis
    ZHANG Rui, GOU Chunlin, WANG Zhi, QIAO Kunyun, YUAN Yuwei, NIE Jing, JU Yanjun, ZHAO Duoyong
    2022, 59(3): 674-682.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.017
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    【Objective】 This study aims to compare the differences of mineral elements content between Jinghe wolfberry and Zhongning wolfberry, and to explore the feasibility of identifying the geographical origin of wolfberry based on multiple mineral elements analysis technology, so as to clarify the differences of mineral element fingerprint characteristics between them. 【Methods】 The content of 52 mineral elements in 102 wolfberry samples from Jinghe County, Xinjiang and Zhongning County, Ningxia were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the multiple statistical analysis methods including analysis of variance and orthogonal partial least squares method-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for the geographical origin identification. 【Results】 There were significant differences in 26 mineral elements between Jinghe and Zhongning wolfberry (P<0.05). Among the 26 elements, the contents of 16 elements including Mg, Al, P, K, V, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Gd, Er, Pb, and U in Jinghe wolfberry were significantly higher than those in Zhongning, while the contents of 10 elements including Na, Ca, Ni, Rb, Sr, Hf, Ir, Au, Tl and Th in Zhongning were significantly higher than those in Jinghe. Through stepwise discriminant analysis, 14 elements including U, Mo, K, Rb, Au, Ir, Hf, Cu, Tl, Zn, Ca, Th, Mg and Cd were identified as significant element variables. 【Conclusion】 The multi-element discrimination model can be established based on the above 14 elements and the accuracy rates of the geographical origin discrimination of Jinghe and Zhongning wolfberry were 100% and 98.08%, respectively. Jinghe and Zhongning wolfberry have their own unique mineral element fingerprint characteristics, and the use of multiple mineral elements can effectively identify Xinjiang Jinghe wolfberry and Ningxia Zhongning wolfberry.

    Effects of Two Traps on Trapping Efficiency of Cydia pomonella under Different Control Measures
    QIN Huan, Qiaolipan Yesentai, Tamaxia Wulalibeike, SUN Huimin, FENG Likai, WANG Shaoshan
    2022, 59(3): 683-690.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.018
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1966KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 To explore the trapping effects of triangle traps and paper traps under the four conditions: the absence of control measure, synthetic sex pheromone measures, synthetic sex pheromone measures plus chemical comprehensive control and chemical control measures. 【Methods】 In 2020, various control areas were set up in the Shihezi 152th regimental farm orchard with two traps hung. From May 25 to July 27, the trapping amount and dynamics of Cydia pomonella (L. ) adults in each trap were investigated during the occurrence and hazard period of C.pomonella. 【Results】 The trapping effect of paper traps is better than triangle traps among all the prevention measures; the triangle trap had better adaptability in different weather changes than the paper trap; Among various control measures the control effect of synthetic sex pheromone control area was better than that of comprehensive control area, but the difference did not reach a significant level. The chemical control zone has the worst control effect. 【Conclusion】 The field trapping effect of paper traps is obviously better than that of triangle traps(1,494>933),Compared with chemical drugs,synthetic sex pheromone has significant effects on preventing and controlling C. pomonella(P<0.05).

    Study on the Community Structure and Function of Fungi Associated (Symbiotic) with Scolytus schevyrewi That Infest Fruit Trees
    ZHU Xiaofeng, CAI Shulin, SU Zhuowen, ZHANG Dianpeng, SONG Bo, XU Bingqiang, Abudukeyoum Kader, YANG Sen
    2022, 59(3): 691-699.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.019
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    【Objective】 To understand the species or group and analysis on the function of fungi associated (symbiotic) with Scolytus schevyrewi in fruit trees in the hope of providing basic information for utilization of these symbionts and revealing the damage mechanism of S.schevyrewi.【Method】 S.schevyrewi adults were collected from infested fruit trees in Shule, Yingjisha and so on, the species and group of fungi associated with S.schevyrewi were identified by using MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and indoor isolation and culture methods.The functions of the fungi were analyzed by using FUN Guild and referring to relevant literatures.【Result】 The fungi belonged to 7 Phylum, 24 Class, 66 Order, 124 Family, 221 Genus.The dominant fungal microflora of the surface of S.schevyrewi were Geosmithia, Saccharomycetales, Byssochlamys and Wickerhamomyces, which accounted for 29.55%, 19.50%, 8.20% and 6.07% of the communities, respectively.The dominant fungal microfloras of the gut of S.schevyrewi include Geosmithia, Pleosporales, Gibellulopsis, accounting for 42.14%, 15.61% and 6.97%, respectively.The fungi were mainly saprotroph, plant pathogen, pathotroph- saprotroph and animal pathogen.S.schevyrewi adults, which infested apricot, plum, peach and almond trees, coexisted with a variety of plant-pathogenic fungi.The proportion of plant-pathogenic fungi was the highest in S.schevyrewi adults that infested peach trees, which was 19.06%.Thirteen associated fungi were isolated and identified in laboratory.Among them Geosmithia pallida, Yamadazyma Mexicana and Cladosporium Macrocarpum were plant pathogens.Wickerhamomyces Silvicola, Meyerozyma Guilliermondii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureobasidium pullulans were antagonists of the plant-pathogens.【Conclusion】 It was common to carry and spread plant-pathogens by S.schevyrewi in Xinjiang fruit trees.When preventing and controlling S.schevyrewi, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of fruit tree trunk diseases, so as to prevent the two kinds of pests from synergistic damage and aggravating the damage.The beneficial antagonistic fungi associated with S.schevyrewi should be exploited and used as biological control fungi for some plant diseases.

    Analysis of Pathogen Species and Their Genetic Relationship of Apple Tree canker
    LI Yapeng, ZHANG Wangbin, YI Zibo
    2022, 59(3): 700-706.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.020
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1116KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 Based on the observation of the characteristics of pathogen culture, combined with molecular biology technology, to determine the species and related relationship of apple tree rot fungus in Aksu area in the hope of providing theoretical basis for effective control of apple canker. 【Methods】 The pure culture of Apple Tree Valsa Canker was obtained by Koch's Rule. The morphology and culture characters were observed and recorded. The DNA of the strain was extracted by improved CTAB method and then sequenced. After sequencing, the blast homology was compared and analyzed on NCBI website. Then the β - tubulin and EF1 - α sequences were analyzed by adjacency method and after that, phylogenetic tree was constructed. 【Results】 The optimum temperature for mycelium growth was 20-30℃, the optimum PH value was 5-6, and the optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and peptone; A total of 11 strains were isolated. The strain could be inoculated on healthy apple branches and the same strains could be isolated. It turned out that each strain was closely related to Valsa Mali, Valsa ceratosperma. 【Conclusion】 The apple tree rotting bacteria in Aksu area are V. Mali (asexual C. Mali) and V. ceratosperma (asexual C. sacculus), among which, V. Mali is the main pathogenic species. There are different types of culture characters on PDA.

    Prataculture·Forestry·Soil Fertilizer·Water Saving Irrigation·Agroecological Environment
    Host Plants Species and Seasonal Succession Host Feeding of Lygus pratensis (Heteroptera: Miridae)
    ZHANG Renfu, WANG Wei, LIU Haiyang, YAO Ju
    2022, 59(3): 707-715.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.021
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    【Objective】 In the new situation of the forage Lygus pratensis (linnaeus) acting again as the major cotton pest in the cotton areas of southern Xinjiang, clarifying the host plant species of forage bugs and seasonal succession host feeding in the cotton area of southern Xinjiang can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control it.【Methods】 The host plant species of L. pratensis were investigated in the main cotton planting ecological areas in southern Xinjiang from 2015 to 2017.【Results】 The host plants of L. pratensis belonged to 26 families, 90 genera and 118 species, mainly concentrating in Leguminosae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, etc. Among them, 50 species were cultivated crops (including horticultural crops), 54 species were weeds, 8 species were landscape flowers and 6 species were trees. The annual life cycle of L. pratensis developed according to the species of host plants in different seasons.【Conclusion】 There are a wide range of host plants of L. pratensis in southern Xinjiang, and feeding hosts showed obvious seasonal succession, which provides a good condition for its seasonal migration. Comparison and analysis with reports from the 1950s to the 1960s show that over time, the introduction of cultivated crops, fruit trees, and landscape flowers and so on is the main reason of L. pratensis.

    Screening of the Water Drainage and Salt Control Mode of Subsurface Pipe and Shaft on the Secondary Salinization Soil and Its Effect Evaluation
    SHI Lei, LÜ Ning, HE Shuai, YIN Feihu, GAO Zhijian, TAN Rongxin
    2022, 59(3): 716-724.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.022
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2219KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 The aim of this project is to evaluate the salt drainage effect by subsurface pipe and shaft technology on secondary salinized soil in southern Xinjiang and select out the suitable layout spacing of subsurface pipe project.【Methods】 The paper took the secondary salinized soil of the 38th regiment of the second division in Southern Xinjiang as an experimental area, and the field test of water and salt drainage by shaft (vertical drainage) + subsurface pipe (horizontal drainage) was carried out from 2016 to 2019. The 3 adjacent plots were selected and the layout spacing of subsurface pipe was set to 6, 8, 10 m (marked as T1, T2, T3), respectively; the buried depth of subsurface pipe was set to 1.2 m and the depth and spacing of shaft was set to 20 and 120 m in each treatment. 【Results】 The results showed that (1) the soil salinity significantly decreased after 2 years salt drainage and the soil electrical conductivity (EC) in root layer of T1, T2 and T3 was decreased by 31.83%, 50.35% and 46.09%, respectively; the varies of soil pH was not significant but was decreased with the salt drainage time increase, generally; (2) the soil EC was decreased with the soil depth increase, and the decrease rate of salt content in the 0-0.8 m soil layer was significantly higher than that in deep soil layers; moreover, the effect of salt drainage was more obvious when the distance was closer to the shaft; (3) the salinity of drainage water was increased after 1 year salt drainage, however which of T1, T2 and T3 was decreased by 21.41%, 33.24% and 18.57% after 2 years salt drainage, respectively; the underground water level dropped down year by year and decreased by 1.5 m on the average; (4) the average maize yield of different treatments was 329.70 kg/667m2, and the yield was T2>T1>T3, which indicated that the salt drainage effect was in proportion to the maize yield.【Conclusion】 According to the effect of water and salt drainage and maize yield, the layout spacing of 8 m (T2) was the suitable parameter for subsurface pipe project; it is suggested to apply the model of shaft and subsurface pipe drainage in in areas of southern Xinjing, which could effectively reduce groundwater level and salt content and maintain the stability and sustainability of the improvement effect of salinization soil.

    Effects of Soil Sealing Treatments with 6 Herbicides on the Growth of Isatis indigotica Seedlings
    SU Panlong, ZHAI Yujia, LIU Xinyuan, YANG Desong
    2022, 59(3): 725-734.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.023
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 To explore the effects of soil sealing treatments with six herbicides on the germination rate, plant height, cotyledon length, cotyledon width, average radicle length and other biological indicators of Isatis indigotica during the seedling stage, and select the best one from the six in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for its field production. 【Methods】 In the seedling stage of I indigotica, the effects of 6 herbicides on the germination rate and average radicle length of Isatis indica at 24-192 h at different application concentrations were studied by indoor pot culture and petri dish culture. 【Results】 Germination rate: the concentration of refined metolachlor, oxyfluorfen, sec-butadiene, and flumioxazin were not significantly different, and did not affect the emergence of Isatis indigotica. The concentration of the agent higher than 80 mL/667m2 Pendimethalin had an inhibitory effect on the germination rate of Isatis indigotica. The higher the concentration of Promethazine, the more obvious the inhibition of the germination; the average radicle length: metolachlor, sec-butaline, oxyfluorfen, Promethazine, and flumioxazin have no effect on the growth of radicles. As the concentration of pendimethalin increased, the inhibition of radicle growth was becoming stronger; plant height: high concentration of refined metolachlor at 30 mL/667m2, had an inhibitory effect on the plant height. Pendimethalin 80-200 mL/667m2 treatment had a significant inhibitory effect on the plant height. F-butaline had no effect on the plant height. Ether has an inhibitory effect on the plant height at the concentration of 40-70 mL/667m2. Promatoxin had an inhibitory effect on the plant height at the concentration of 80-200 mL/667m2. When the concentration of flumioxazin was 3-7 g/667m2, the inhibitory effect on the plant height of was not obvious; Cotyledon length: the concentration of metolachlor, pendimethalin, f-butadiene, oxyfluorfen, and flumioxazin had no effect on the cotyledon length. As the application concentration of Promatogin increased, it inhibited the cotyledon length; Cotyledon width: the 5 kinds of amine herbicides: metolachlor, pendimethalin, sec-butadiene, oxyfluorfen had no effect on the cotyledon width. Promatogin at 120-200 mL/667m2 concentration would inhibit the cotyledon width. 【Conclusion】 Through the experiment of indoor pot and petri dish culture, it can be concluded that only the treatments of f-butaline and flumioxazin have no significant effect on the plant height of Isatis indigotica seedlings; the treatments of pendimethalin and promethazine will affect the growth of isatis germination rate: Pendimethalin treatment will affect the root length growth of Isatis indigotica seedlings; Promethazine treatment will affect the growth of cotyledon length and width of Isatis indigotica. Therefore, under indoor conditions, fine metolachlor, sec-butadiene and flumioxazin have less stress on the growth of Isatis indigotica seedlings.

    Land Landscape Pattern and Ecological Risk Analysis of Tianshan Grand Canyon National Forest Park
    ZHAO Fangfang, SUN Guili, JI Xiaomin, GE Wenting, LI Xue, LU Hang
    2022, 59(3): 735-743.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.024
    Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1268KB) ( )  

    【Objective】 By analyzing and evaluating the changes of land landscape pattern and ecological risks in the study area, it provides a basis for the ecological construction and rational development of Tianshan Grand Canyon National Forest Park.【Method】 Using ArcGIS and Fragstats software to calculate and analyze the landscape pattern index and ecological risk index, based on the land use data of the study area in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018, to conduct landscape ecological risk assessment.【Result】 From 1990 to 2018, cultivated land, forest land and grassland were the main ecological landscape types in the region, accounting for 85.5% of the total area. The ecological landscape area of grassland and unused land increased significantly (7,894.7and 4,684.12 hm2), of which the area of cultivated land, forest land and water area decreased. (1,556, 5,898.54, 6,240.73 hm2); the number of patches, patch density, maximum patch index, spread and aggregation index in the regional landscape pattern index showed an upward trend; the area of low, medium and low risk areas during the study period increased (59.60 and 35.72 hm2), and the area of medium, high and high risk areas decreased (6.57, 32.14, 56.62 hm2).【Conclusion】 According to the research and analysis of this data, the overall landscape ecological risk index has decreased, and the ecological environment has shown a good trend of development; South and Northeast transfer.

    Study on the Community Diversity of Soil Mites in the Agroecosystem at the Southern Foothill of Flaming Mountain in Xinjiang, China
    Mardan Askar, Omar Abliz, Yakup Hasanjan, Aliya Sidik
    2022, 59(3): 744-758.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.025
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    【Objective】 Tto find out the effects of different land use type habitats on soil mite community diversity in agroecosystem at the southwest margin of Flaming Mountain in the hope of providing scientific basis for the protection of soil biodiversity, sustainable development and biological evaluation of environmental quality. 【Methods】 The diversity characteristics of soil mite communities in ten land use types of agroecosystem in the southwest margin of Flaming Mountain in Turpan were analyzed by field sampling and improved Tullgren method. The improved Tullgren method and morphological classification method were used to classify the soil mites and analyze the characteristics of community structure. 【Results】 A total of 21,195 soil mites were collected, belonging to 100 genera, 68 families and 4 suborders, among which, Protoribates was the dominant group, and Berniniella Balogh, 1983 and Monogalumnella Mahunka,1986 were newly recorded genera in China. There were significant differences in the number of individuals, groups and diversity indices of soil mites in different habitats of land use types (P< 0.05), in which the diversity of vineyards was the highest, while that of desert was the lowest. There were seasonal differences in community diversity, with the highest in autumn and the lowest in summer. The main predatory mites were K-selection type, and oribatid mites were O-type and P-type. 【Conclusion】 The results show that there are significant differences in the diversity indexes of mite communities among different land use types, and the main factors affecting the diversity of soil mite communities are surface litter and human disturbance.

    Survey and Analysis of Fertilizer Market in Xinjiang
    TANG Mingyao, TANG Guangmu, SHAO Huawei, YAN Cuixia, MENG yuanduo, WANG Fei, SHEN Chongyang
    2022, 59(3): 759-766.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.026
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    【Objective】 We collected fertilizer price and sales information monthly, and comprehensively analyzed the variation of the price and sales volume for Xinjiang fertilizer market.【Method】 From 2012 to 2019, we conducted a long-term dynamic survey at 12 agricultural material distribution stations (mainly chemical fertilizer) in 11 prefectures or cities in Xinjiang. 【Result】 urea and diammonium phosphate were still the main chemical fertilizers in Xinjiang province, which accounted for 74.61% to 83.03% of the chemical fertilizers; the sales of potassium sulfate increased obviously in recent years, and the proportion of the chemical fertilizers increased from 1.48% in 2012 to 7.54% in 2019. The sales volume of chemical fertilizer in Xinjiang varies with the seasonal demand of agricultural fertilizer, and the sales volume during spring cultivation accounts for about half of the annual sales volume. the seasonal change of the retail price of chemical fertilizers in Xinjiang was obvious, and the price of agricultural fertilizers was high in the peak season from February to July, and was low in the off season from January January to December.【Conclusion】 it is suggested that farmers purchase fertilizer and prepare fertilizer from November to December every year, which can greatly save fertilizer expenditure. It is preliminarily estimated that 198 yuan/hm2 can be saved per unit area, with a saving range of more than 9%;There is no significant correlation between the retail price of chemical fertilizer and the sales volume, so the price control of chemical fertilizer should not be the optimal option to reduce the amount of fertilizer demand.

    Animal Husbandry Veterinarian
    Effects of Aqueous Extract of Urtica Prickle on the Motility of Isolated Intestinal Smooth Muscle in Mice
    CAI Peng, SUN Xiaoyan, Adilai Ali, LEI Yan, SHAN Baoxuan, ZHAO Hongqiong
    2022, 59(3): 767-773.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.027
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this study aims to test the main parts of urtica simulating smooth muscle movement, and to explore its possible receptor mechanism.【Methods】 The biological signal processing system was used to monitor the effects of aqueous extract from urtica prickle or inner stem (without prickle) on the isolated small intestinal smooth muscle of mice.【Results】 A 2-fold increasing concentration (0.1% - 3.2%) of prickles increased the intestinal contract amplitude, tension and peak in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), but had no effect on contract frequency (P > 0.05); When the concentration of inner stem reached 0.4%, the contract frequency of the small intestine was reduced (P < 0.05). The contract amplitude, tension, and peak of the small intestine were significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 0.8% prickle administration, but the same dose of inner stem had no effect on the small intestine contraction (P > 0.05). The combination of M-receptor blocker ATr and 0.8% prickle significantly reduced the contraction (P < 0.05).【Conclusion】 The prickle of urtica can promote the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, and the effect may be partly achieved by activating M-receptors.

    Effects of Adding Different Proportions of Cotton Stalks to the Diet on the Performance of Reserve Rams, Serum Related Hormones and Testicular Tissue
    HOU Liangzhong, ZHANG Junyu, ZHANG Zhijun, SANG Duanji, GUO Tongjun, LI Congnian
    2022, 59(3): 774-780.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.028
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of adding different proportions of cotton stalks on the production performance, serum related hormones and testicular tissues of the reserve ram.【Method】 The experiment used a single factor completely randomized trial design, and randomly divided 60 small-tailed Han sheep baCKup breed of similar weight into 6 groups, 10 in each group.The diet of control group 1 (group CK1) did not contain cotton source feed,and control group 2 (group CK2) contained cotton seed meal and without cotton stalk.On the basis of CK2 diet,the trial group diet was supplemented with 20% (group A),30% (group B),40% (group C) and 50% (group D) cotton stalks.The full duration of the trial was 70 days, including a preliminary trial period of 10 days and a formal trial period of 60 days.【Results】 (1)there were no significant differences in dry matter intake, daily gain and feed meat ratio between CK1 and CK2 groups (P>0.05); dry matter intake of group D was significantly higher than that of CK2 group by 17.80% (P<0.01), extremely significantly higher than that of group A and C by 18.42% (P<0.01) and 16.58% (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of group B by 4.65% (P<0.05); the daily gain and feed / meat ratio of group A, B, C, D and CK2 were also different.There was no significant difference (P>0.05).(2) There was no significant difference in serum testosterone and gossypol between the experimental group and the control group (P> 0.05).(3) The growth and development of testes in the control group and the experimental group were normal without pathological injury.【Conclusion】 The addition of 20% -50% cotton stalks to diet does not affect the production performance of reserve ram, serum related hormones and testicular growth and development, and 20% cotton stalks are the best.